The study was conducted at Amritsar and Tarn Taran districts of Punjab to find out the status of French bean cultivation. At district Amritsar, it is cultivated in various blocks namely Jandiala, Attari, Majitha and Verka while in district Tarn Taran, this crop is mainly cultivated in block Khadoor Sahib. The total area under this crop in both districts was around 460 ha. The main varieties grown in both districts include pencil type bean i.e. Falguni, Aishwarya and Anushka. Farmers were obtaining a profit of Rs 20,000/ to 32,000/ per ha by cultivation of this crop at both of districts. In other experiment various genotypes of French bean were evaluated for yield
and its contributing traits at district Amritsar and Tarn Taran during 2020-2021. The genotypes Arka Anoop, Arka Sharat and Falguni showed highest yield and its contributing traits like germination days, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to first picking and number of pods per plant. These genotypes were suitable for cultivation.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) grows in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present study on Assessment of moringa varieties for growth and yield characters was conducted at different farmers’ field at Manjakollai village of Bogalur block, Vazhuthur village of Mandapam block and Mummudichathan village of Nainarkoil blocks during 2018-19. The aim was to assess the performance of high yielding moringa varieties suitable for Ramanathapuram district. PKM-1, Bhagya (KDM-1) and local check (farmers’ practices) were used and cultivated 1.0 ha area. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with three treatments with ten replications. The observation on growth, yield parameters and  economic traits were recorded and analysed statistically. The results revealed that PKM-1 variety recorded the highest values for the traits viz., plant height (4.62 m), number of braches per plant (5.0), number of pods per plant (88.25), pod weight (135.25 g), yield per tree (10.82 kg) and yield per ha (20.25 t/ha) followed by Bhagya (82.35; 8.50 kg; 18.75 t/ha) whereas the lowest values was found in farmers’ practices (75.26 cm; 65.25; 6.15 kg; 13.75 t/ha). Further, it was found that PKM -1 recorded the highest net returns (Rs. 41250/
ha) with the B:C ratio of 3.11 followed by Bhagya (Rs. 37250/-; 2.96). However, the farmers’ practices registered the lowest net profit (Rs. 17500/-) and benefit cost ratio (1.87). The incidence of fruit fly observed the lowest in PKM-1 (11.25 %) followed by Bhagya (15.87 %) and the highest incidence was noticed in farmer’s practices (23.25 %). PKM-1 recorded the 47 per cent increased yield than farmers’ practices.

Investigations on toxicity of new insecticide namely Mortel (Fipronil 0.3 G) at 15, 17.5 and 20 kg/ha in comparison to Dursban (chlorpyriphos 20 EC) at 3 l/ha as check insecticide were carried out against Pink Stem borer, Sesamia inferens, Walker (PSB) in wheat at farmer’s field in district Amritsar and Gurdaspur during the rabi season 2020-21. Among the different dosages of Fipronil 0.3% GR (Mortel) tested, Fipronil 0.3% GR @ 20 kg/ha has recorded maximum reduction in tillers damage and higher grain yield of wheat. Highest grain yield of 51.75 and 50.67 q/ha was obtained when Fipronil 0.3% GR (Mortel) was used @ 20 kg/ha in district Amritsar and Gurdaspur, respectively. No dead heart was found at end of first week of application when Fipronil 0.3% GR @ 20 kg/ha was used in Amritsar districts while 0.08 per cent dead hearts were recorded after first week of application in Gurdaspur district. There was no statistical difference in natural enemy count recorded after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of treatments in different dosages of Fipronil 0.3% GR and was statistically on par with that of the untreated check indicating that all the tested dosages of Fipronil were safer to the natural enemies. There were no phytotoxicity effects of Fipronil 0.3% GR on wheat even at higher dosages. As Fipronil @ 20 kg/ha has recorded highest reduction in the tillers damage due to PSB attack and highest grain yield, the highest dosage i.e. Fipronil @ 20 kg/ha may be recommend as an alternative insecticide for the effective management of pink stem borer in wheat.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between personal and socio-psychological characteristics influencing livelihood security of women agripreneurs of self help groups (SHGs) in Kerala and to get suggestions for improving the livelihood security. The study was carried out in three districts of Kerala namely, Thiruvananthapuram, Palakkad, and Malappuram. Eighteen viable women SHGs were selected from the three districts and from each SHGs, five women were randomly selected forming a sample size of 90. Study revealed a positive and significant correlation with the personal and socio-psychological characters like annual income, saving propensity, interdependence and networking, credit orientation, level of aspiration, management orientation, adherence to group norms, and group leadership. Age was observed to have a negative correlation with livelihood security. Indebtedness, enterprise diversification and group cohesion showed no significant relationship with livelihood security. The major suggestions proposed for improving the livelihood security of members of women SHGs were to conduct capacity building programmes for the women to enhance entrepreneurship behaviour and to impart specific skill improvement programmes.

To improve soil testing advisory service, KVK- Valsad (Gujarat) conducted a study during 2020-21. Randomly two villages selected from each block of Valsad district of Gujarat. Thus, ten respondents from each village comprising of total number of respondents to be 120 were selected at random sample for the study. Valsad district is tribal dominated area so about 93.33 per cent respondents were belonged to scheduled tribe. Average data of study revealed that maximum 49.7% respondents having partial knowledge, 42.7% respondents had complete knowledge and only 9% respondents had no knowledge about soil testing however,
average 57.80% respondents had adopted the soil testing based recommendations. Further, data also showed that 75.83% respondents explained the problem of unavailability of sufficient quantity of organic manures whereas 60.0 per cent respondents faced the problem of unavailability of soil testing facility in nearby village due to interior hilly tribal areas as major constraints in adoption of soil test based fertilizer recommendation.

A study has been conducted among the dairy farmers in Thrissur district to assess the communication source utilization regarding Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). The exposure of dairy farmers to different communication sources and their relative preference as a source of information of FMD was assessed using the ranking method. Interpersonal channels were the effective sources of obtaining information about FMD followed by mass media and trainings. Majority of the dairy farmers used still used newspaper as the source of information, television occupied only second position. Veterinary surgeon was the most important source of information among interpersonal channels followed by neighbours and friends. Only about forty percent of the dairy farmers prefer to attend lecture classes than seminars or group discussions. First-hand information about communication source utilization will be much helpful for the extension agents and policy makers to implement appropriate disease mitigation strategies in the affected area which can be imbibed easily by the farmers.

Nagaland is an agrarian state and agriculture being the backbone of the state’s economy, a vast majority of the population depends on agriculture as a source of livelihood. Two of the most widely practiced methods of cultivation in the state are jhum (shifting cultivation) and terrace cultivation, which contributes to about 86 per cent of the total cultivable land. Few of the major variants of cereals produced in the state are rice, maize and millet. Due to ever increasing population growth and rise in demand of food grains, it has become mandatory to bridge this gap of demand and supply, which can only be fulfilled by putting into practice advanced and improved cultivation methods as well as use of modern technologies, quality inputs and high yielding varieties by the farming community. In order to find out the constraints faced by the farmers while adopting recommended cultivation practices of maize, a study was carried out in six districts of Nagaland taking a sample size of 300 maize farmers. An open-ended questionnaire was used to collect the farmer’s constraints through personal interview technique and ranking was done based on the frequency and percentage. Findings of the study revealed that the major constraints faced by the farmers while adopting recommended cultivation practices of maize were non-availability of quality seeds which was followed by high pest and disease incidence, lack of proper financial assistance and subsidies, low market value for crops and lack of result-oriented trainings and demonstrations.

The concept of entrepreneurship is multidisciplinary in nature embodying economic, psychological, social, cultural, political as well as environmental characteristics. It depends on several factors social, psychological, political and also economical. The present study was conducted through an online survey of 100 purposively selected participants belonging to Scheduled Tribes communities of A.P who have enrolled in the online certificate courses offered by Distance Learning Centre of ANGRAU from 2018-2021. The study explored the
preferences of rural youth for taking up small scale enterprises, the motivational factors for entrepreneurship and potential obstacles. The results indicated that majority of the participants (58%) preferred to engage in locally suitable and traditional enterprises while 42 per cent want to take up new enterprises. Major motivating factor was expressed as Govt support (44%) followed by family support (27%), availability of inputs (19%) and training (10%). The findings of this study also highlighted the potential constraints for tribal youth to take up entrepreneurship as financial followed by technological, social and personal constraints.

The present study was conducted in Jodhpur and Bikaner District of Rajasthan State. The agricultural scientists engaged in research and extension of those institutions was identified. Out of these, 120 agricultural scientists were purposively selected for the present study as respondents. Two dependent and fifteen independent variables were included in the present study. An overview of the findings found that the majority (40.83%) of the agricultural scientists belonged to middle age group (36 to 50 yr), were male (83.33 %), about 48.33 per cent had less service experience (<10 yr), threefifth (60.00%) had medium level of income (Rs. 10 to Rs. 20 lakh), all scientists were frequently using phone as a source of information, about 69.17 per cent had not received any training on ICT.

Collar rot is an important disease of betelvine (Piper betle L.) caused by the soil borne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The pathogen was isolated from the infected vines cultivated in the coastal saline agro-climatic zone of West Bengal and characterized for its growth and survival under different pH, temperature and soil moisture. The pathogen was found to prefer acidic pH (optimum at pH 5.0 to 5.5) for its mycelial growth, formation of sclerotia and their germination. The saprophytic colonization ability of the fungus was drastically reduced
at pH 7.7 and above. Germination of sclerotia was least at a soil moisture level of 20% of field capacity (FC). The increase in soil moisture increased the rate of sclerotial germination, resulting in quick loss of its viability. The saprophytic colonization ability of S. rolfsii was maximum at 60% of FC, which reduced rapidly above 70% of FC. The optimum temperature for maximum mycelial growth, sclerotial formation and its germination was 30±1°C. Mycelial growth, sclerotial formation, germination and saprophytic colonization ability of the fungus ceased completely at 40±1°C. These specific soil temperature and moisture requirements
of the fungus S. rolfsii make the pathogen highly selective for its seasonal incidence and proliferation.

Land is one of the most limited natural resources and land use dynamics is a complex process The present study examined the causes of land use and cropping pattern changes in Kerala from 1985-2019. The time series data were collected from various published sources and the analysis was done at the state level. Population pressure, increase in number of factories, emigration, literacy rate, rainfall etc., were identified as the major causes of land use change in Kerala. The analysis of determinants of cropping pattern was done for paddy using the area response model and it was observed that the previous year’s area under the crop, expected price of paddy, and average annual rainfall positively influenced the farmer’s acreage response.

The utilization of the huge amount of food processing waste is pertinent to exploit its full potential. Mainly, it is used for feed purposes and efforts are needed to utilize them for food purposes as well, owing to their high nutritional status. The present work was done with the objective of utilizing tomato pomace which is edible and needs to be utilized in food products. An instant soup mix was developed with 0, 25, 50 and 75 per cent addition of tomato pomace powder in the formulation. The sensory analysis results show that the soup having 50per cent of tomato pomace powder has the maximum acceptability and it shows good shelf life stability for three months in laminated packets when stored at room temperature. The product is
convenient to make and will help in effectively utilizing this important by-product and reduce wastage.

Market oriented production is a key approach that can promote more profitability from farm enterprises there by leading to farmer satisfaction. The new agricultural policy emphasizes on commercialization, diversification, value addition and export orientation, which underlines the importance of market led extension. But the farmers, especially the smallholders face numerous challenges with respect to accessibility of services provided by the marketing systems. The present study aimed to identify the satisfaction level of farmers towards the market led extension services provided by different marketing support mechanisms using a satisfaction scale and the key factors affecting the satisfaction level of farmers were identified using spearman’s correlation and binary logistic regression. The results revealed that VFPCK beneficiaries showed high level of satisfaction towards the market led extension services where satisfaction of the beneficiaries of other market support mechanisms ranged from poor to medium.

The objective of the study was to determine the performance of Okra with integrated nutrient management (INM) practices in order to promote early seasonal cultivation among small and marginal farmers in South Tripura for increasing economic returns. The study was conducted at three villages of South Tripura district with 15 farmers and four treatment combinations {T1=75% of state’s recommended dose (SRD) of NPK+3 spraying of gibberellic acid at 21, 31 & 41 DAS, T2=75% of SRD of NPK+FYM @ 5 t/ha, T3=120:70:60 NPK kg/ha (100% of state SRD) and T4=Farmers’ practice (80:40:40 kg NPK/ha)}. The results of the study revealed that cultivation of Okra with INM practices during both normal and early growing seasons considerably enhanced yield compared to farmers’ practice (4.67 t/ha). However, regardless of the treatments, Okra production during the normal growing season (0.28 to 1.62 t/ha) was much higher than early seasonal growth. In comparison to the selling price, net returns on Okra were substantially greater in the early growing season (Rs. 37/- kg and Rs. 1,02,350 to Rs. 1,33,350/- ha) than in the normal growing season (Rs. 19/- kg and Rs.13,570 to Rs. 47,290/- ha). Therefore, it was concluded that early seasonal Okra production could be an economically feasible and sustainable agriculture system in Tripura’s South district.

Natural dyes are the colours extracted from natural sources like roots, wood, bark, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, insects and mineral compounds etc. These were the only source of colour until the invention of synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes occupied the market place within no time and are excessively used to meet the requirement of the global consumption. These dyes have negative impact on environment and cause serious health hazards. The present study tried to explore screen printing of cotton fabric with Annonna Squamosa L. leaf dye extract. The natural dye was extracted from leaves of custard apple through aqueous method, which was used as colouring pigment in the print paste. Four different mordants were tried in the study to acquire different hues. The printed fabrics were evaluated by measuring the fastness properties. The samples printed underwent through subjective evaluation interms of depth of colour and sharpness of print. It was concluded that distinctive shades were obtained by different mordants when mixed with same dye extract and excellent fastness properties were portrayed by the sample printed with custard apple leaf dye in combination with copper sulphate mordant.

Moringa oleifera is considered as a miracle tree due to the presence of abundant nutrients, high protein biological value, and good feeding effects. As a new protein feedstuff, Moringa oleifera has great potential in alleviating the feeding crisis in animal feeding system. To explore the beneficial properties and practical utility of Moringa oleifera tree leaves, the present study had been performed on 12 male Marwari goat kids, randomly distributed in to two groups control and treatment. Kids were fed on ground nut straw based complete feed, whose composition was kept similar in both the groups except the incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaves in the diet of treatment group, at the level of 15% of complete feed as a replacement of equal proportions of cotton seed cake. A feeding trial of ninety days was conducted to observe the effect of supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaves on haematobiochemical parameters of experimental kids. Blood samples were collected at monthly intervals and analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. The study reported no significant difference of Moringa oleifera
leaves supplementation on haemato-biochemical parameters of experimental kids. The study concluded that the Moringa oleifera leaves can be used in the diet of goats up to 15% level of incorporation.

The present investigation was carried out in District Sangrur of Punjab State by conducting on-farm trials at three different locations in Sunam, Bhawanigarh and Moonak blocks during Rabi2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 to assess the suitable time of spawning at farmer field.The different treatments on spawning time of button mushroom production were: T1 – Spawning during first week of October as farmer practice, T2- Spawning during second week of October asfirst recommended sowing time by PAU, Ludhiana, T3 -Spawning during last week of Novemberas an intervention and T4 – Spawning during first week of January assecond recommended sowing time by PAU. The experiment was conducted to assess the more suitable
time for higher profit realization.The results of the studyrevealed that spawning during second week of October (T2 )and spawning during first week of January (T4) was found to be the most beneficial time to get maximum production as well as highernet returns from button mushroom production under Punjab conditions.

The present investigation was conducted in the shade-net at Precision Farming Development Centre College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during rabi season 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications and 13 treatments. The results revealed that the highest number of leaves per plant (26.03), number of flowers per plant (7.13), per plot (28.51) and per hectare (213800), number of suckers per plant (4.05) and stalk length (533.7 mm) was achieved due to application of 100% RDF whereas maximum leaf length, leaf width, leaf area was 31.26 cm, 13.16 cm and 279.72 cm2 , respectively. Early appearance of first flower buds, 50% flowering and full bloom were 74.8d, 91.6d and 99.70 d, respectively, flower diameter (109.58 mm), disc diameter (32.51mm), stalk diameter
(6.21 mm) and vase life (16.2d) were achieved when treated with 75% RDF + VC+ FYM (Incorporated with Azo + PSB). The maximum plant height (44.57 cm) was seen in plants treated with 75% RDF +25% VC.

A study was carried to evaluate the effect of different coloured plastics and liners on shelf-life of loose marigold flower under ambient condition was at the laboratory of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, during the year 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design with 3 replication and 16 treatments. The treatment comprised of different coloured plastics (Red, Opaque, Transparent and Green) and liners (Paper cutting, Paper straw and Bubble film) in different combination including control. The results revealed that among all the combination of different coloured plastics and different liners used treatment T7 (Transparent + Paddy straw) showed better quality in all parameters like physiological weight loss(2.26%, 34.20% and 47.10%), moisture content(82.33%,71.72% and 55.01%), spoilage percentage(5.10% ,12.37% and 25.19 %), diameter of flower (5.81cm, 5.09cm and 4.40 cm), freshness index(4.68, 3.98 and 3.11 out of 5 score card), relative water content(83.00% ,74.00% and 55.66 %), shelf life(2.35 days ) at 2nd, 4th and 6th days after storage respectively. When the spoilage of flower exceeded 50 percent, it was considered as the end of shelf life or storage life.

The media are composed of soil, organic matter, pond soil and sand for the fruit crop seedlings. The aim was to increase the porosity, the supplementation of the sand be carried out while the organic matter particularly, FYM and vermicompost added to enrich adequate nutrients for the seedling. A study on the effect of growing media on seedling growth of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana var. rotundifolia) was conducted during 2018-19 in the nursery at Experimental Orchard of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The media for the study were garden soil and sand with the different proportion of vermicompost, FYM and cocopeat constituting 16 treatments. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design. The results revealed that growing Media T7: Garden soil + FYM + VC + CP (3:1:1:1) improved the seedling height, stem girth, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root. Media T7 having Garden soil + FYM + VC + CP (3:1:1:1) found better in improving the dry matter accumulation in ber seedlings.

The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of nutrient management on vegetative growth and floral attributes in gladiolus cv. saffron at college premises, Horticultural Research cum Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during the year 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications having ten treatment combinations. The result showed that T5 [75% RDF + FYM@12.5 t/ha + 0.3% foliar spray of WSF 13:0:45 (Once)] recorded earliest 50% sprouting of corms (12.67d), more number of shoots per plant (1.40), maximum plant height 34.20 cm and 69.07 cm at 25 and 50 DAP respectively) and more number of leaves (2.93 and 5.53 at
25 and 50 DAP respectively). Similarly in flowering attributes, earliest in spike emergence (69.20d), first floret open (75.40d), more number of spike per plant (1.40), Maximum spike length (78.50 cm) and rachis length (46.23 cm) was observed in treatment T5 (75% RDF + FYM@12.5 t/ha + 0.3% foliar spray of WSF 13:0:45 ).

The investigation was conducted to find out the effect of plant growth regulators and micronutrients on vase life characters of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Novalux. The experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with 12 treatments replicated thrice at the main Experiment Station, Department of Floriculture & Landscape, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya . The plant growth regulators and micronutrients application significantly influenced the vase life of gladiolus. The maximum per cent increase in spike length, per cent opening of floret per spike, number of florets opened at a specific time and vase life (days) was noted in CCC 500 ppm with ZnSO4 0.5% + FeSO40.2%. The minimum drooping of florets was obtained with the
combinations of CCC 500 ppm with ZnSO4 0.5% + FeSO4 0.2%. and maximum observed under control.

The present on farm trial (OFT) was carried out at 20 farmer’s field of Sikar during Zaid 2019-20 and 2020-21 to  assess the effect of plastic mulch on growth, yield and economics of chilli crop. Two treatments were T1 farmer’s practice (without mulch) and T2 double coated silver-black plastic mulch (25 micron) in this study. Data on various parameters viz., weed density, plant height, number of primary branches/plant, days to 50% flowering, green fruit yield/plant and fruit yield/ha were recorded. Economics of various treatments was also worked out and B:C ratio was calculated. There was a very high significant difference between black plastic mulch and control. Pooled data of both years reveled that the treatment T2 (plastic mulch) recorded minimum weed intensity (5.50), maximum plant height (48.50 cm), number of primary branches/plant (10.0), minimum days to 50% flowering (55.45), green fruit yield/plant (649.4g) and green fruit yield/ha (274.95 q). The maximum net return/hectare (Rs 320725/-) and benefit cost ratio (4.50) were recorded with treatment T2 , whereas, the minimum net return (Rs 262675/-) and benefit cost ratio (4.01) were recorded in T1 i.e., in farmer’s practices.

Present investigation was carried out in Silviculture and Agroforestry Department of Dr. Y S Parmar UHF,  Nauni, Solan (H.P) during time span of 2017-18. Berberis lycium, an evergreen shrub native to the Himalayas is employed in a number of medicinal compositions. The plant is currently at a vulnerable stage and in danger of going extinct. The poor germination occurs as a result of its hard seed coat keeping it dormant for an extended length of time. In order to reduce dormancy, increase germination and promote seedling development, the current study evaluates several pre-sowing seed treatments which was afterwards grown on potting medium through, seeds dropping in urine of cows for about 6 hr growth on Soil+Sand+FYM in the ratio of (1:1:1)
yielding maximum germination of seeds (65.33%), seedling length (19.78cm) and dry seedling weight (0.072g).

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of the year 2021-22 to know the effect of varying levels of fertilizers and plant geometry on growth, flowering and yield of calendula. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors i.e. first one is inorganic fertilizers with four different levels viz., F1 (120:45:45) (N:P:K Kg/ha); F2
(96:36:36) (N:P:K Kg/ha); F3 (80:30:30) (N:P:K Kg/ha); F4(64:24:24) (N:P:K kg/ha) and second is three levels of plant geometry i.e. S1 (30 x 20 cm2 ); S2 (30 x 30 cm2 ); S3 (40 x 30 cm2 ) which were subjected to twelve treatments and replicated thrice in each plot size of 1.2 x 1.5 m2. The results divulged that growth attributes i.e. plant height (47.42 cm), number of
leaves/plant (134.60) and branches/plant (14.01), was found maximum under F1 (120:45:45 N: P: K Kg/ha). Among different spacing levels maximum flower diameter (7.13 cm), number of flowers/plant (84.00) and weight of flowers/plant (123.68 g) and maximum seed  yield/plant (12.85 g) were augmented significantly under wider spacing i.e. S3 (40 X 30 cm2
). Minimal days to 1st flowering (46.04 days) and earliest 50 % flowering (56.21d), utmost number of flowers/plot (1794.51), and weight of flowers/plot (3100.28 g), and 164.20 q/ha and yield attributes such as highest seed yield/plot (282.49 g) and per ha (15.40 q/ha)
resulted with closer spacing of treatment S1 (30 x 20 cm2 ). In case of interaction number of flowers/plot (2025.42), and weight of flowers/plot (3513.50 g) and 194.75 q/ha, seed yield/plot (313.60 g) and 7.77 q/ha were noted significant under treatment combination of F1
S1 (120:45:45 N:P:K Kg/ha + 30 X 20 cm2 ).

The research aimed to study the English language learning strategies of agricultural students at
Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University. To carry out the study, which was conducted between January and April, 2021, a total of 64 students studying Post-Graduation and PhD filled- out the interview schedule that was administered to them. The strategy inventory for language learning (SILL) questionnaire version 7.0 (Oxford, 1990) was utilized for this study. The interview schedule (google form) comprised 39 questions from the strategy inventory and these questions were modified slightly for Indian students. The results indicated that agricultural students of ANGRAU fell under ‘moderate strategies’ category in English language acquisition. Though the results showed ‘moderate to high strategies’ are followed by students, they do not use them ‘almost always’ or ‘always’.

The fibre enriched low-fat kadaknath chicken patties were packaged aerobically and evaluated for storage stability under refrigeration. The pH, TBA and FFA values of treated patties were lower as compared to control throughout the storage. A progressive and significant (P<0.05) increment in the pH, TBA and FFA values of control as well as fibre enriched low fat kadaknath chicken patties were observed with the advancement of storage in aerobically kadaknath chicken patties. The total plate count (TPC) followed a significantly (P<0.05) increasing pattern from 0 to 12 day in aerobic packaging in control as well as fibre
enriched low fat kadaknath chicken patties. The psychotropic counts as well as Yeast and Mold count under aerobic packaging were not detected up to 9 day of storage either in control or in fibre enriched low fat kadaknath chicken patties and these were detected on 12 day of storage. The coliform were not detected during the entire period of storage in aerobic packaging. Sensory attributes under storage study did not have any significant (P>0.05) difference between control and fibre enriched low fat kadaknath chicken patties on
all storage days of aerobic packaging. The mean scores for all the sensory attributes for both control as well as fibre enriched low fat kadaknath chicken patties decreased gradually with increasing storage period. From the study it was concluded that the fibre enriched low fat kadaknath chicken patties may be considered as health full product which was very well stable and accepted up to 12 day in aerobic packaging under refrigeration.

Field experiments were conducted during 2020-21 to assess the performance of high yielding cassava varieties YTP 2 (Yethapur 2) and Sree Athulya. They were compared with traditionally cultivated type called Mulluvadi Local. The trial was conducted at ten different locations of Vellakovil block of Tiruppur district during rabi 2020. The results showed that, YTP 2 recorded maximum plant height (197.21 cm), stem girth (9.78 cm), number of leaves (32.56) and canopy spread (62.36 cm) at harvest. Number of roots (7.78), maximum length of the root (38.05 cm), maximum girth of the root (21.22 cm), root yield (6.38 kg/plant), estimated root yield (41.37 t/ha) and starch content (29.40 %) were also highest in YTP 2. In addition, it was highly resistant to cassava mosaic disease. The benefit cost ratio was highest in YTP 2 (2.30) and concluded that, YTP 2 can be recommended for large scale cultivation in Vellakovil block of Tiruppur district.

Evaluation of seven genotype/verities of African marigold, has been taken up at Instructional farm,College of Agriculture, Raipur during 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed significant variation for most of the parameters. The results revealed that highest plant height (110.89cm), number of secondary branches (32.67), peduncle length (10.17cm) was noted in AM-19-TL-Do-1. Arka Agni recorded maximum number of leaves (40.22),plant spread (106.11 cm), and flower diameter (4.64cm). Earliest 50% flowering (50.56), heaviest flower weight(4.87g), highest yield per plant (330g), highest yield per plot (9.9 kg) and yield per hactare (16.29t). Maximum number of flowers (78) in single plant observed in Pusa Basanti.

Field experiments were conducted for two crop seasons during 2019-20 to assess the performance of high yielding yard long bean varieties (Manjari and Githika) in KVK cluster areas of Kottayam district. The trials were conducted at 10 farmers’ plots each during two crop seasons and compared with cultivated variety (Vellayani Jyothika). Observations on pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, number of pods/kg and average pod yield (q/ha) were recorded in addition to sensory evaluation. The results indicated the superiority of variety Githika in terms of pod length (51.0 cm), number of seeds per pod (20.2) with least number of pods per kg (42) and average yield (259 q/ha). The acceptance of varieties evaluated through sensorial characteristics using a 9 point hedonic scale revealed significantly greater acceptance of
variety Githika over other two varieties in terms of colour (7.70), appearance (7.20), aroma (6.70), tenderness (8.70) and overall acceptability (7.20). On the basis of superior performance on yield and sensory evaluation, it could be concluded that variety Githika is suitable for large scale cultivation in Kottayam district.

The tribal farming community needs training for their skill and knowledge development. The economic condition of the farming community can be improved through various trainings. The present study was conducted in the Barwani and Khargone districts of Madhya Pradesh. The total sample consisted of 240 tribal farmers as respondents to the study. Out of fourteen variables, age did not possess any significant correlation with annual income. Majority (76.67%) of respondents reported that KVK is far away from villages/remote areas because Barwani and Khargone both districts have one KVK in the district headquarter. Farmers require continuous education to stay aware of fast-paced developments in agriculture for utilizing technologies and new tools to upgrade operations and increase their income.

An experiment was conducted in Guru Kashi University research farm during the rabi season of the year 2019-20 to study the effect of sowing time on different radish varieties (Raphanus sativus L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice. Seeds of the cultivars viz., Japanese White, Mino Early, INARA, Durga, Punjab Safed, Super Hill Queen and Pusa Chetki were sown on two different dates i.e. October 15th, and November 15th. According to varieties, Japanese White showed minimum average days to germination (5.20 d), although, maximum average root shoot ratio 3.17, average marketable yield per hectare 43t, maximum average plant height 81.07 cm and average root length 31.45 cm were observed in Durga. Maximum average leaf length 50.07 cm, the average number of leaves
15.27, average foliage weight 274.07 gm, average plant weight 550.14 gm, average root diameter 5.37 cm, average root weight 276 gm and average total yield per plot 59.23 kg, average marketable yield per hectare 53.33 ton were obtained in Punjab Safed variety. The combined effect of sowing dates and varieties showed that sowing of Punjab Safed on Oct 15th gave superior results for most of the growth and yield characters whereas, due to varietal differences Super Hill Queen exhibited inferior results on both the sowing dates.

Biochar is a carbon rich material produced by the pyrolysis of organic crop residues. Its application has been found to improve biometric characters and yield of crops by improving physical and chemical properties of the soil. It can act as a tool to sequester carbon dioxide that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere through the decomposition or burning of organic residues. Considering the benefits of biochar in crop production, a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani of Kerala Agricultural University to investigate the efficacy of biochar from tender coconut husk for enhanced crop
production in acidic ferralitic soil. Biochar, produced from tender coconut husk was characterized and tested in the field at different levels of application viz. 10 and 20 and 30 t/ha using yard long bean variety Vellayani Jyothika as the test crop. Along with biochar, other commonly used organic manures viz. Farm yard manure and vermicompost; biofertilizers viz. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) were also tested in the field. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 9 treatments and 3 replications. Application of biochar @ 20 t/ha along with 2 per cent PGPR and NPK as per POP significantly increased yield (20.12 t/ha), days to fifty per cent flowering (35), no of
nodules per plant (18), weight of nodules per plant (1.65g), no of leaves per plant (39), vine length (517.50cm), pod length (52.80 cm) and other yield attributing characters and finally the Benefit Cost Ratio (1.56).

Occupation is the means of earning and aspiration is what we want to be in future. The technical advancements in agriculture and education are providing many opportunities for graduates in choosing their career. The universities of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu and Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh were selected through purposive random sampling technique. The sample size was restricted to 50 from each university under study considering the time constraint. The profile characters were measured using frequency and percentage. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of achievement motivation and information seeking behavior regarding the career opportunities. Variables were categorized measured using mean and standard deviation and respondents were divided into low, medium and high based on the results. At postgraduate level, many respondents aspired to be in agricultural research and in state department of agriculture. The study on factors influencing the occupational aspirations revealed that the job security and parents’ motivation played an important role in choosing their career.

The present study has been carried out in Thoubal and Kakching districts of Manipur. The study disclosed farmers’ perception on selecting castration methods in piglets among various methods. Chemical castration has been preferred by majority (85 %) of the respondents. The study also revealed that chemical castration can be an alternative method to regular surgical castration because of its inexpensive, less time consuming, easy to perform, increase the body weight and feed conversion efficiency post castration.

The Central Sector Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) has been a momentous  step in the area of direct income support (DIS) in India. The present study was conducted in district Kangra to get an insight into utilization pattern of PM-KISAN funds by farmer beneficiaries. Using 3 stage random sampling technique, a sample of 80 farmers was drawn which were further categorized in small and marginal categories on the basis of total size of land holding. The scheme was reported to have 100.0 per cent coverage of the sample respondents. The farmers who received PM-KISAN benefits during the agricultural peak season reported spending it on agriculture, while those who received it during the
off-season spent it on consumption. The fund utilization pattern of marginal farmers differed significantly from small farmers. Findings suggests that the government should preferably enhance, restructure and release the installment amounts keeping in view the seasonal needs of the farmers. Along with this provision of skill-building trainings to farmers is the potential area that need to be worked upon. This study would serve as a valid reference for future studies and policy making concerning such schemes.

An appropriate growing media is essential for production of good quality plant material. The rooting system in terms of growth and development mainly depend on the growing media. A field experiment to see the effect of growing media on seedling growth of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana var. rotundifolia) was conducted during 2018-19 in the nursery at Experimental Orchard of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The media for the study were garden soil and sand with the different proportion of vermicompost, FYM and cocopeat constituting
16 treatments. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design. The results revealed that growing Media T7 : Garden soil + FYM + VC + CP (3:1:1:1) improved the seedling height, stem girth, intermodal length, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of shoot and root and survival per cent. Media T7 having Garden soil + FYM + VC + CP (3:1:1:1) found better in improving the available N, P, K (165.7, 33.0 and 267.0 kg/ha).

The experiment was conducted with the bearing trees of different Jackfruit genotypes at Pudukkottai District of Tamil Nadu during the year 2016-2019. Fifty five jackfruit genotypes viz., KDM-AhJ-01 to KDM-AhJ-55 were selected for the study to identify low total soluble solids(TSS) content Jackfruit genotypes suitable for diabetic patients. Jackfruit trees are cross pollinated and mostly seed propagated. As a result, morphological and agronomical characters of jackfruit showed a distinct range of variation. Among the fifty-five jackfruit germplasms, TSS ranged from 6.00 to 29.00 with mean value of 14.36 (Table 1). Meanwhile the genotype the minimum of (60brix) was found from the germplasm KDMAh-51 followed by the genotypes KDM-Ah-6, KDM-Ah-18, KDM-Ah-20, KDM-Ah-21, KDM-Ah-22, KDM-Ah-24, KDM-Ah-25 and KDM-Ah-26 (7 0brix)was found to be suitable for diabetic patients.

Black gram (Vigna mungo) is one of the most important pulse crops grown next to Bengal gram in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. The productivity of black gram in the district is low and attempts were made to increase the production and productivity by adopting high yielding variety along with integrated crop management (ICM) practices. The ICM practices including sowing of improved variety (TBG 104), seed treatment + neem oil application at 25-30 DAS+ arrangement of sticky traps to monitor sucking pest vectors + spraying of monocrotophos @ 1.6 ml per litre of water at flowering to pod formation stage for insect management + spraying of carbendazim for control of leaf spot was demonstrated in farmer’s
field. The results revealed that increase in seed yield over farmers’ practice was 22.2 and 25.0 per cent during 2020-21 and 2021-22, respectively. It was also observed that demonstrated practices recorded higher net returns/ha as compared to farmer’s practice during the years 2020-21 and 2021-22. The benefit cost ratio during 2020-21 and 2021-22 was 1.59 and 1.52 respectively. The percent technology index varied between 47.0 to 54.2 per cent indicating a need to motivate the farmers to adopt economical viable technologies for increasing production, productivity and profitability of black gram in Nellore district.

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kalaburagi-II conducted cluster demonstrations programmes during the year 2018 to 2021 to demonstrate scientific cultivation of sorghum through improved crop management at farmers field in the villages namely, Rasanagi (Jewargi Taluka), Beeranahalli village (Sedum Taluka) and Malaga (K) Chittapur Taluka of Kalaburagi district. The results showed the low incidence of shootfly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani)(3.18 %), fall army worm, Spodoptera fruziperda (1.10 No.larvae /plant), stem borer, Chilo partillus (2.63 %), Mirid bugs, Perigranus maidis (2.30), aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (8.03) and smut diseases (1.20%) in the demonstration plots as compared to the farmers’ practice which were recorded the 10.35 per cent, 3.53, 10.50, 8.52, 22.92 and 6.82 per cent in 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 successive years, respectively. The average grain yield was higher in the demonstration plot (10.06 q/ha) than the farmers’ practice (8.37 q/ ha) it means 19.39 per cent yield increase over farmers’ practices. Further, it was recorded that, higher gross return, net return and B: C ratio of the scientific improved technology as compared to farmers practices.

A study on diversity and density of various AMF strains of cassava, crop in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala was conducted. Rhizhosphere soil samples from 20 locations coming under three types of soil (laterite, forest and alluvial) were analysed. The dominating genera in the all soil type were Glomus which is present in cassava rhizhosphere associated worldwide. Analysis of morphological characters of the spores revealed that isolates are coming under three genera namely Glomus, Aculospora and Gigaspora. On evaluation of soil AMF isolates for the potentiality and effectiveness G. mossae from alluvial soils of Pullupara, G. fasciculatum from laterite soils of Vallikode and G. fasciculatum from laterite soils of Pullad had influenced the growth attributes and nutrient concentration of sorghum.

An efficient in vitro propagation protocol was standardized in K. galanga, wherein shoot cultures were raised from rhizome with axillary bud explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different hormonal regimes. The best medium identified for shoot initiation as well as multiplication was MS supplemented with 2 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l Kin. The high rates of rooting in Half MS media supplemented with 1 mg l-1 IBA and successful transfer to polybags make this production system useful for ex-situ conservation and large scale multiplication of kacholam.

An experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2019 to find out the influence of abiotic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on the population of two major insect pests in chilli crop; thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis and mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus. Results exhibited the peak activity of thrips during 21st to 25th SMW in 2018 and 40th to 42nd SMW in 2019. Highest population of mite was recorded during 44th to 45th SMW in 2018 and 38th to 39th SMW in 2019. Both thrips and mite populations exhibited negative correlation with rainfall
(r = -0.349 and -0.357 in 2018; -0.571 and -0.292 in 2019). Thrips showed positive correlation with mean temperature (r = 0.622, 0.398), while negative with mean relative humidity (r = -0.5470, -0.5710) during both years. Chilli mite has showed opposite correlation to the thrips as negatively correlated with mean temperature (r = -0.804 and -0.4890) and positive with average humidity (r = 0.4920 and 0.3750) during 2018 and 2019.

The survey was carried out in the central dry zone of Karnataka during 2018-19. An attempt has been made to understand the infrastructure availability status of Karnataka State Department of Agriculture (KSDA) in central dry zone. 75 respondents (extension personnel) were sampled by employing the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. In total 15 infrastructure facilities were listed and the results revealed that the managerial aspects of infrastructure viz., Coordination of activities, Authority & responsibility and Monitoring & evaluation were stood at first with highest availability whereas, last two positions were conquered by the physical aspects of infrastructure viz., Vehicles for mobility and Residential quarters facility.

The present study was carried out the knowledge level of 59 anganwadi workers (AWWs )about nonformal preschool education of ICDS Urban anganwadis of Ludhiana district, Punjab. Almost all anganwadi workers were between the ages of 36-45yr, married, and had attended school up to high school. It was interesting to see that 20% of them had postgraduate degrees, and most of them were between 11-15 yr old and had attended 1-3 trainings, while only 5% had attended more than seven trainings. Most of the participants had average level of knowledge about ICDS. For knowledge level, significant difference (F=10.06; p<0.01), was found in knowledge level of the AWWs. Therefore, need-based training programmes should be designed for anganwadi workers in the future to enable them to update their knowledge and provide quality preschool education for anganwadi children.

A survey was conducted to study the perception and knowledge gap analysis of paddy pests in selected villages of Budge Budge II Block of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Data were collected through focus group discussion, group meeting, personal interview, key informant interview from 100 respondents. Maximum respondents surveyed belonged to general caste (47%). About 42 per cent of the land under paddy cultivation was medium land and 58 per cent of the land was low land. Aman paddy shared the major rice area (45%) and 57 per cent paddy growers totally depended on local market for seed procurement while 14 per cent of the farmers used the seeds of their own. Ten numbers of rice varieties were identified as cultivated variety during boro season. 27 per cent family cultivated Lalat (medium duration variety) which is relatively resistant to stem borer and blast. Stem borer was identified as major insect of rice; 51.16 per cent respondent reported that the infestation level was up to 41-60 per
cent in case of stem borer. Blast, brown spot, sheath rot, bacterial leaf blight, false smut and khaira were reported to infest the rice fields though the infestation level was generally low to moderate. Training, farmers&#39; field schools, field days, information from progressive farmers and other sources like mobile phone/ television programme etc. were identified as sources of technology diffusion method of which training was identified as the most effective tool over other methods as reported by the farmers.

The present investigation was carried out at Research cum Horticultural Farm in Indira Gandhi Krishi  Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur during the year 2021-22. There were ten separate micronutrients treatmentsconsisting of different concentrations of viz., T1 control (RDF), T2 (FeSO4@0.2%), T3 (FeSO4@0.4%), T4 (FeSO4@0.6%), T5 (ZnSO4@0.2%), T6 (ZnSO4@0.4%), T7 (ZnSO4@0.6%), T8 (Borax@0.2%), T9 (Borax@ 0.4%), T10 (Borax @0.6%) were applied. The recommended dose of fertilizers viz., 150 kg N,100 kg P2O5
and 80 kg K2O/ha was given as basal dose at the time of field preparation. Observations were made on vegetative growth, flowering and yield parameters of chrysanthemum. The result indicated that the treatment T6 [ZnSO4 (0.4%)] performed better in the observations recorded on growth parameters viz., plant height (18.30cm and 27.88cm) at 30 and 50 DAP (days after planting) respectively, plant spread(E-W) (13.59cm and 26.80cm) at 30 and 50 DAP respectively, plant spread(N-S) (12.82cm and 26.60cm) at 30 and 50 DAP respectively.
Number of primary branches per plant was 5.77. Similarly, in flowering attributes treatment T6 [ZnSO4 (0.4%)] showed best result viz., days taken for flower bud initiation (49.09d), days taken to flower opening(60.58d), number of flower per plant (29.05), diameter of flower(4.78cm) and weight of flower per plant (2.05g).

Fish otoliths are calcium carbonated structure used as an aid to differentiate allied species from ten species of the family Leiognathidae along the coast of Maharashtra from October 2018 to February 2019. The species Gazza minuta, Karalla dussumieri, Karalla daura, Nuchequula mannusella, Nuchequula nuchalis, Eubleekeria splendens, Photopectoralis bindus, Leiognathus equulus, Deveximentum insidiator, Secutor ruconius of seven genera were differentiated on the basis of otolith morphology using otolith atlas and shape indices. Significant difference was observed in circularity, ellipticity, rectangularity, form-factor and roundness (p <0.05) with highest F ratio for Ellipticity and Roundness. The canonical discriminant analysis based on shape indices indicated 100 percent variability which was validated using Jackknife classification.The first two discriminant functions of the CDA performed with shape indices accounted for variance with all the species significantly differentiated except for Karalla dussumieri and Eubleekeria splendens overlapping. The Jackknife classification ranged from 18.8 % to 94.4 %, with 58.6% correct classification.

The agricultural and non-agricultural sectors are the two most important areas of any economy. The study was done to ascertain changes in the rural economy’s income and employment patterns during a sixteen-year period. The sample size of the study was 225 households. Rural populations are increasingly reliant on non-farm economies as they migrate away from farming and allied activities. However, the move to the non-farm sector has not been growth-enhancing, as the majority of non-farm sector workers remained wage earners over both periods. Diversification in the agricultural sector, as well as a shift toward the non-agricultural sector, have made no substantial improvements over the last sixteen years.

This investigation is an attempt to study the impact of improved practices through frontline demonstrations on productivity and profitability of sesame. The major constraint of its low productivity is non-adoption of improved technologies by the farmers. An increase in productivity was observed due to adoption of interventions like genetically improved variety, balance nutrient management, seed treatment, sowing method and plant protection measures. The impact of improved practices through frontline demonstration revealed that cultivation of improved variety of sesame (RT 351) recorded increased yield of 16.0, 18.8 and 18.9per cent during kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively over farmer’s practices. Improved practices
gave higher net returns ?11265/-ha with additional net return average ? 4173/-ha as compared to farmer practices. The technology gap, which depicted the gap in the demonstration yield over potential yield was 290, 279 and 178 kg/ha during kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Technology index was ranged 41.44 – 25.43 per cent and average figure comes out to be 35.59 per cent. The FLD practices created greater awareness and motivated other farmers to adopt appropriate sesame production technologies.

Chironji, Char or Achar (Buchanania lanzan Spreng; family Anacardiaceae) is an important non – wood tree species found in deciduous forests throughout the greater part of India. In central India, it is a common associate of teak, sal and mixed forests. It is a small to moderate sized tree, generally attaining a height up to 18 m and girth 1.5 m. The bark is dark gray or black, regularly divided into small rectangular plates, somewhat resembling a crocodile hide and reddish inside. Chironji is a multipurpose tree and very important plant for rural and tribal economy. It is used for environmental conservation and in Agro-forestry/Agro-horticulture system. It is used as a fuel, fodder (especially for buffaloes), alternative host for Kusmi lac insect, and also used in cosmetic items and soaps. Its wood is very cheap compared to other timbers. The wood is used in making boxes and cheap furniture. It is also suitable for match industry. Its bark contains about 13.4% of tannin. Its gum is soluble in water that exudes from the wounds in the stem and it is used in textile business (Tewari, 1995). Seeds/ kernel are nutritional, palatable and used as a substitute of almonds in confectionery.
Flowers appear from January to March and their colour is greenish-white. Fruits ripen in the months of May–June (Troup, 1986). The fruit collection starts from mid April and ends by mid June, but its harvesting is generally finished in 15-20 days only. The harvesting period may vary with the purpose of fruit collection in different agro-climatic zones. Early harvesting result into low fruit/seed setting and poor seed germination. In forests, its natural regeneration is very scanty due to unscientific and pre-mature harvesting of its seeds and site degradation on account of growing biotic pressure.

The present clinical study was conducted from March 2022 to August 2022 to determine the prevalence of anemia in small ruminants that were presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Garividi. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated etiologies causing anemia in the area. A total of 344 animals (238 goats and 106 sheep) were presented to the VCC with the history of generalized weakness, inappetance, diarrhea and poor weight gain. The overall prevalence of anemia was 70.3% among the presented cases. The prevalence was higher in sheep (74.5%) than goats (68.5%) with non-significant difference (p > 0.05). The prevalence in young ones was higher as compared with adult small ruminants with prevalence of 65.3% and 34.7%, respectively.
The prevalence was higher in female (71.5%) than male (28.5%) but there is no significant difference (p >0.05). Blood parameters were analyzed to rule out the anemia and its etiology. Anemia in small ruminants should be ruled out to prevent production, reproductive and economic losses in the flock. In sheep ectoparasitic infestation (30.4%), endoparasitic infection (44.3%), mixed infection (10.12%) and other conditions (15.2%), whereas in goats ectoparasitic infestation (38.6%), endoparasitic infection (25.8), mixed infection (16.6%) and other conditions (19.01%) were the etiologies that led to anemia.

Weather and climate determines the crop productivity as it influences growth and development of crops before and during the cropping season. Due to climate change and its variability with time, farmers incur crop losses for being unaware of the aberrant weather events. The present study was conducted to know the perception of farmers towards Agromet Advisory Service (AAS) in terms of effectiveness and usefulness from farmer’s point of view. A group of 120 farmers following AAS regularly provided by DAMU Valsad were selected randomly. It is concluded that, AAS provided twice in a week was useful for farmers as it provided effective communication media for transfer of climate resilient technology to effectively plan agricultural operation. It is provides basic, timely and accurately pre-information of different climate and weather conditions of different crops of that particular area.

The study was undertaken with an objective to assess the perceived constraints in marketing of milk during normality and due to lockdown in West Bengal. In all, 120 dairy farmers were randomly selected using two marketing channels such as (i) Producer – Consumer (ii) Producer – Milkman – Consumer having equal proportion from both the channels from two blocks of Malda district. The perceived constraints faced and suggestions in improving the marketing of milk were analyzed through Garrett ranking techniques. The study showed that the major perceived constraints in marketing of milk during normality were less remunerative price for milk followed by high seasonal fluctuation in demand and price of milk. But during the lockdown, the major perceived constraints were no market opportunities to sell their milk followed by problem of transportation and small opening hours of market. The suggestive measures recommended by the milk producer were to stable market and market rate of milk
followed by proper marketing channel and higher opportunities in dairy product marketing. Further, creation of basic infrastructure needs to be done to strengthen the marketing of milk in the region.

The performance study of forty eight genotypes of hot pepper was carried out for fruit yield and its component characters, during rabi season of 2020-21 at Horticultural Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya , Raipur. A significant difference was observed among genotypes for growth and yield parameters. Genotype CHIGEN-46 recorded maximum number of fruits per plant (270.50), fruit yield per plot (15.25kg) and fruit yield per hectare (165.73 q/ha). The genotype CHIGEN-41 recorded highest fruit yield per plant (415.10g) and maximum plant height (80.47cm), CHIGEN-40 (8.17) recorded maximum number of primary branches whereas CHIGEN-32 was early in first flowering(26.03d), CHIGEN-38 recorded for early days to 50% flowering(43.20), CHIGEN-45 recorded maximum fruit stalk length (5.69 cm)and fruit girth (5.51 cm). CHIGEN-29 recorded maximum fruit length (18.38 cm) and CHIGEN-43 gave maximum fresh weight of fruits (85.96 g) whereas CHIGEN-37 recorded maximum dry weight of fruits(10.60 g). CHIGEN-36 (85.23) was recorded for minimum days to first fruit harvesting and CHIGEN-42 (6.52) was recorded for maximum total number of picking. Overall performance of the genotypes revealed that the genotypes CHIGEN-45, CHIGEN-41 and CHIGEN-46 were superior genotypes for most of the traits studied among the forty eight genotypes.

Small and marginal farmers of India contribute 80 per cent milk production. Quality milk production needs to be accomplished in smallholder dairy production system by adopting mastitis prevention measures through promotion of clean milk production (CMP) practices and techniques. In this milieu, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Namakkal conducted a farm field school (FFS) on CMP at Samayasangali village of Pallipalayam taluka of Namakkal district. Farm school was conducted for twenty five women on fortnight interval focused on clean milk production practices along with scientific dairy farm management. The impact assessment was carried out with well-structured pre tested interview schedule and found that cent percent participant farm women were aware of clean milk production practices taught and more than half (60%)
of them adopted regular teat dip for udder wash, cleaning of hands and utensils before milking and a small percentage (3%) of them adopted fortnightly usage of CMT kit for assessing subclinical mastitis.

Coniothecium chomatosporum causes stem black canker is among the most important apple
canker diseases, causing widespread losses in apple production. Occurrences of stem black canker were observed in the Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Sirmaur, and Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh, at elevations ranging from 1000 to 2500 meter above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.) during the regular canker development season, from May to December in 2017 and 2018. The incidence of stem black canker was maximum (38.32%) at Nihri followed by Janjheli (30.93%) of Mandi district, whereas disease was totally absent in some places namely, Narkanda, Rohru and Sarahan. Percent disease index of stem black canker was maximum in Nohradhar (14.22%) followed by Karsog (13.23%) in Mandi district, while minimum percent disease index (0.00%) was at Narkanda and Rohru. The mean overall percent disease index of stem black canker ranged from 0.00 to 14.22 per cent during 2017 and 2018 crop seasons.

The study evaluated the resource-use pattern and efficiency in non-basmati paddy production in Punjab. The unit/farm level data collected under centrally sponsored scheme Comprehensive Scheme for Studying the Cost of Cultivation of Principal Crops in Punjab has been analyzed for this purpose. The total variable cost incurred on paddy cultivation showed an inverse relationship with the farm size as variable cost decreased with the increase in farm size category with Rs 49033/-ha on small, Rs 42107/- ha on medium and Rs 38989/-ha on large farms. The estimated returns in percentage terms turn out to be 66.25 per cent over and above the total variable cost of paddy cultivation on overall farms. Returns over variable cost had direct relation with farm size, both in percentage as well as in absolute terms. The results of Cobb-Douglas production function revealed that human labour, irrigation, farm yard manure and plant protection were found to be significantly affecting productivity in paddy cultivation in the State.

Anthrax, a dreaded bacterial zoonotic disease seen in dairy animals, is caused by Bacillus anthracis and its eradication could only be possible by creating maximum awareness among dairy farmers, for their safety as well as the welfare of the animals. The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the knowledge level of dairy farmers pertaining to anthrax disease management. A sum total of 240 respondents were selected for the study from 12 villages of Kerala State based on a multi-stage sampling technique. The knowledge level of the respondents was assessed using a pre-developed knowledge test. 44% of dairy farmers had high knowledge about anthrax. Education of the respondent (r = 0.360), land holding (r  0.286), experience in dairying (r =0.179), mass media exposure (r =0.407), and previous exposure to anthrax (r=0.214) was positive and significantly correlated with the knowledge level of the respondents pertaining to anthrax. The relative contribution of the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents with their knowledge level of anthrax was assessed using stepwise multiple regression analysis and seven variables viz. gender, main occupation, education of the respondent, land holding, experience in dairying, mass media exposure, and previous exposure to anthrax were found to be significant in explaining variations in
knowledge of anthrax. The best fit prediction model was Y=1.372+ 0.530 X2 – 0.459 X3 + 0.383 X5 + 0.730 X8 + 0.039 X10 + 0.309 X15 + 1.764 X18 + e and the coefficient of determination was found to be 58.90%.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important rabi pulse crop grown in Vindhya region of Madhya Pradesh. Among vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. spp. ciceri is major devastated disease of chickpea causing losses to the tune of 100 per cent in severe condition. A survey was conducted and chickpea wilt disease incidence were recorded during the rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22, covering 120chickpea fields from 25 block under 05 districts distributed under three agro-climatic zones viz., scarcity zone, assured rainfall zone and moderately high rainfall zone of the Vindhya region of Madhya Pradesh. In the two cropping
season the mean incidence of chickpea wilt was recorded in each district was found maximum in Panna district (14.9%) followed by Katni (12.95.24 %) and Sidhi (12.25 %) and the minimum disease incidence was recorded in Satna (10.83 %) followed by Rewa (11.78%) districts of Vindhya region. Present study showed that chickpea wilt was highly distributed in all the surveyed areas of Vindhya region of Madhya Pradesh.

An investigation to Study of phenotypic variability of Kachnar (Bauhinia spp.) was conducted in the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, IGKV Raipur, Chhattisgarh, during the Rabi season of 2021–2022. Five species for the study were Bauhinia purpurea, Bauhinia acuminata, Bauhinia blakeana, Bauhinia tomentosa and Bauhinia variegata. Different growth characteristics including plant, leaf, flower, and fruit traits, were recorded. According to the findings, Bauhinia purpurea had the tallest plants followed by Bauhinia blakeana, Bauhinia variegata, Bauhinia acuminata, and Bauhinia tomentosa. The longest and widest leaf was measured in Bauhinia purpurea 14.91and 12.04 respectively. Smallest and narrowest leaf was recorded in Bauhinia tomentosa 4.71 and 4.20 respectively. Among all the five species of Bauhinias highly pubescent leaf was discovered in Bauhinia tomentosa only. The Bauhinia acuminata’s 3.96 long petiole had the record for being the longest while the Bauhinia tomentosa’s 2.10 petiole had the smallest. The Bauhinia blakeana flower measuring 13.160.07 cm had the largest flower diameter while Bauhinia tomentosa 3.91 0.41 cm was the smallest. The only Bauhinia species with a pubescent flower bud was Bauhinia tomentosa. Longest petal, stamen and pistil length recorded in Bauhinia blakeana measuring 7.09, 4.8 and 6.91 respectively. Maximum pod length measuring 29.33 and maximum number of seeds per pod 11.90 was recorded in Bauhinia purpurea and minimum pod length measuring 9.25 in Bauhinia acuminata. Minimum number of seeds per pod recorded in Bauhinia acuminata. Bauhinia blakeana did not produce any pods as these species were infertile. The maximum seed weight was recorded in Bauhinia purpurea 30±0.87g and minimum in Bauhinia tomentosa 3.35±0.44g

The study was conducted for two years to assess the performance of high yielding and multiple disease resistant tomato hybrids Arka Abhed and Arka Samrat in YSR district of Andhra Pradesh. Majority of the farmers in YSR district of Andhra Pradesh cultivate commercial hybrids which were low yielding and susceptible to pests and diseases. In this situation, introduction of high yielding hybrids with resistant to pest and diseases were necessary to enhance productivity and to reduce cost of cultivation. Therefore, experiments were conducted to assess the suitability of new Tomato Hybrids namely Arka Abhed and Arka Samrat with locally cultivated Sivam hybrid. The average fruit weight was recorded 105.84 g, 113.92 g, and 100.62 g and number of average fruits per plant recorded 100.52, 90.61,76.52 respectively in Arka Abhed, Arka Samrat and Sivam hybrids. The new hybrids showed positive results in average yield (53.20 t/ha) in Arka Abhed and (51.57 t/ha) in Arka Samrat was recorded when compared to farmers practice (38.82 t/ha) with Sivam hybrid. The total disease incidence was (4.28%) in Arka Abhed, (24.88%) in Arka Samrat and (40.51%) in farmer’s practicing hybrid Sivam.

Nummularia discreta causes nail head canker is a slowly spreading apple canker disease causing
widespread losses in high quality apple was observed in the Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Sirmaur, and
Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh during the regular canker development season, from May
to December in 2017 and 2018. Disease incidence of nail head canker was recorded maximum at
Sharbo in district Kinnaur (33.81%) followed by Chirgaon area of Shimla district (30.96%), whereas disease was totally absent in some places. Similarly, percent disease index of nail head canker was maximum at Chagaon (15.49%) followed by Nichar (15.21%) of Kinnaur district, while minimum percent disease index of 0.00 per cent was depicted from different location. The mean percentdisease index of this canker ranged from 0.00 to 15.49 per cent during 2017 and 2018 crop seasons.

Nano fertilizers are gaining much importance in agriculture as they are required only in lower quantity which will help farmers to reduce the cost incurred for cultivation and improve the crop output. An experiment was carried out during December 2020 to March 2021 to investigate the profitability in sesame cultivation due to soil application of organic nano NPK at Onattukara region in Kerala. Ten treatments were arranged in randomized block design and were replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of 2 levels of organic nano NPK (25 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha) with FYM and without FYM, combination of organic nano NPK (25 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha) and 50 per cent recommended dose of NPK with FYM and without FYM, soil test based recommendation of NPK and FYM along with absolute control. It was found that the soil application of organic nano NPK 50 kg/ha and FYM 5t/ha (T6) had significantly produced higher seed yield (712.5 kg/ha). Subsequently, higher gross returns (Rs. 2,13,750/-), net returns (Rs. 1,06,554/-) and BC ratio (1.99) for sesame was obtained for T6 treatment

The Agromet Advisory bulletin was effectively used in the farming community and farmers got higher yield. Frontline demonstrations were conducted on climate resilient paddy variety Swarna sub -1 under three different microclimatic during kharif 2020-21in Cachar district. Due to the timely receiving of weather forecast and agromet advisory bulletin, the farmers could save the crop damages from the flood during kharif 2020-21. Three different microclimatic regimes (MR) viz. 15th June, 25th June and 5th July,2020-21 were selected for assessment of crop weather relationships. Results showed that the crop sown on 25th June gave higher yield as compared to the first and third sowing dates during kharif 2020-21.

To create awareness for use of NAUROJI Novel Organic Liquid Fertilizer and the adoption of new input in Mango var. Kesar and Sapota var. Kalipatti demonstrations were conducted during the year 2021-22 in different blocks of Navsari district viz., Navsari, Jalalpore and Gandevi. Use of NAUROJI Novel Organic Liquid Fertilizer spray resulted in higher yield (93.0 and 129.5 q/ha) compared to check plots (84.8 and 118.0 q/ha) in Mango and Sapota fruit crops, respectively. The yield increase compared to check field plots were 10.06 and 9.75 % in Mango and Sapota crops, respectively. The extension gap was recorded in Mango and Sapota crops were 8.50 q/ha and 11.50 q/ha. Similarly, the technical gap was recorded 12.00 q/ha in Mango and 20.50 q/ha in Sapota. The technology index recorded 11.43 % in Mango and 13.67 % in Sapota. The benefit-cost ratio was recorded higher in the demonstrated plot of Mango (1.90) and Sapota (1.74) fruit crops compared to the check plot. Moreover, net return in Mango was also recorded 14.65 % and 15.44 % in Sapota.

Present study was conducted with the aim of documenting the problems faced while wearing face masks regularly due to COVID-19 pandemic. Data obtained by online survey were statistically analyzed by percentage, mean, standard deviation and one way ANOVA. Findings from 267 respondents suggest that most mask wearers were troubled by pressure ulcers due to continuous use, pain around the ears/ nose due to constant pressure by the mask, skin irritation and steaming up of eyeglasses. Appropriate solutions for reducing the problems have been suggested. More than fifty percent of the subjects expressed a positive overall mask experience. A majority (84%) of the respondents were ready to make mask a part of their daily ensemble. The effect of profile characteristics i.e. gender, age, education, employment sector and profession on the overall experience of wearer regarding mandatory mask usage has been reported. The study was instrumental in gathering valuable data pertaining to mask use during the first wave of corona and the common problems faced by the respondents.

Social media proved decisive in keeping the people connected to one another, especially the academic community during the COVID-19 pandemic period across the world. The present study was conducted in Kerala by selecting two Veterinary Colleges i.e., Veterinary College, Thrissur and Wayanad respectively. Among the two colleges selected 120 Veterinary Post-graduate students were selected randomly. The result of the study indicate that majority of students had medium level of utilization pattern of social media (75.83%) for education. Youtube were the most frequently used social media site (MPS=86.29). Time on social media was 1-2 hrs per day. Preferred time for usage were, after college hours at 6.00pm to 9.00pm (MPS=63.79) for sharing and retrieving of Lectures, PPT, Notes, other Institutional materials related to field of study. Also Smart phones are preferable devices to access (MPS=91.84), data pack were the major mode of access (MPS=89.60). Hostels were the preferable place for accessing social media (MPS=77.97). PDF holds first in files for downloading from internet/ Social media.

The crop residue after cotton picking is burnt creating environmental pollution. This problem can be addressed by shredding the crop residue in the field which is a source of nutrition and organic matter. Cotton growing farmers under irrigation condition from Rasanagi Village, Jewargi taluk, Kalaburagi district, Karnataka were randomly selected. Immediately after completion of cotton picking, the mobile shredder was operated in the field. The cotton plants were 190-200 d old. The moisture content of the cotton stalk was 41.80 per cent. The effective field capacity of the tractor-operated mobile shredder was found to be 0.34 ha/h. The field and uprooting efficiency was 80.90 and 92.70 per cent, respectively. The shredding efficiency in terms of length of cut was recorded as 42.7 mm. This length of shredded particles was easily
decomposed and mixed well in the soil. A total of 7.85 t/ha of shredded cotton stalk was added to the field. The time consumed to complete one hectare of shredding of cotton field was less than 3 h. The economics of operation was Rs. 2358.00 which is 63 per cent less than the expenditure incurred by the farmers.

The present study was conducted for assessing the variability, heritability and genetic advance
estimates of upland rice varieties viz., Swarnaprabha and Vaisakh having susceptibility to lodging after treating with gamma rays of dose 375 – 550 Gy. The germination percentage, shoot and root length were inversely related to increase in radiation dose. Correlation studies pointed out that yield is having strong positive correlation with panicle length, panicles per plant, days to maturity and harvest index and direct selection for these independent characters can enhance the yield.

The study was conducted among the tribespeople in three major tribal communities viz., Paniyans, Aranadans and Kattunaikkans of Malappuram; a district situated in Northern Kerala. An ex-post facto research design with 180 tribal respondents (sixty tribespeople were randomly selected from each community). Data obtained from pretested questionnaire survey were used to analyse the socio-personal attributes of the respondents. The study revealed general socio-economic backwardness of the tribespeople. A binary logistic regression performed between the natural resources utilisation of the tribespeople for their livelihood requirement and their personal variables revealed that the variables such as age, number of
income sources, medicinal plant collection experience, and leadership quality had a positive and significant effect on the utilisation of the natural resources among the tribespeople. Despite of all the development programmes and efforts of the Government to improve the socio- economic status of the tribespeople, it could be observed from the result that there had been no meaningful change in the overall well being of most deprived section of the country. This situation calls for an urgent reform in the existing developmental programmes through rigorous explorative researches to identify the root causes of the backwardness.

Fusarium wilt of cucumber caused by Fusarium oxysporum was found to occur in major cucumber growing areas of mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. During surveys conducted in 2018-2019, maximum disease incidence was recorded at Dedghrat (43%) followed by Jadari (31%). Symptoms of disease appeared as chlorosis followed by necrosis from lower to middle leaves leading to complete wilting of the plant. Associated fungus, from the diseased samples was isolated in pure form and designated as Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of cultural and morphological characters. Pathogenicity test was carried out with three different methods of inoculation, where soil inoculation with mass culture method was found most effective with an incubation period of about 10 days. Five cucurbits (bottle gourd, bitter gourd, zucchini, sponge gourd and pumpkin) were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum to study its host range and it was found that all the cucurbits were susceptible to the disease except bitter gourd.

In general, soils of Namakkal district are deficient in organic carbon (71%), available nitrogen (78%), zinc (86%), boron (29.5) and sulphur (18.6%) due to lack of nutrient management practices resulting in considerable decline in soil fertility and crop productivity. Hence, on farm trials was conducted at five farmer’s field during summer season, 2020. Nutrient management practices developed from TNAU, Coimbatore, 2012 and CICR, Coimbatore 2016 were tested along with farmer’s practice. TNAU practice was application of FYM @ 12.5
t/ha + Biofertilizers @ 2 kg/ ha + 100% RDF as per soil test + Mn mixture @12.5 kg/ha, CICR practice was FYM @ 5 t/ha and raise sunnhemp @ 15 kg/ha and in-situ incorporation in burrows within 30-45 d + Biofertilizers @ 2 kg/ha+ 100per cent RDF as per soil test + Mn mixture @ 12.5 kg/ha and farmer’s practice was application of DAP @ 125 kg/ha as basal dose and complex fertilizer (17:17:17) and muriate of potash each @ 50 kg/ha@ 45 d after planting were assessed. The results revealed that CICR recommended practice recorded the highest yield of 16.39 q/ha with net return of Rs.50941 ha-1 and BC ratio of 2.36. Incorporating green manure as one of the nutrient components recorded significant changes in available N status (27 kg/
ha) and organic carbon (0.08%) over its initial value, thereby the farmers can save up to Rs. 6500/-ha.

The field experiment was conducted during summer 2019 and 2021 at the Main Agriculture Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka on medium deep black clayey soils to evaluate the effect of irrigation and potassium levels on sunflower. The treatments included four irrigation regimes (Irrigation at 0.4, 06, 08 and 1.0 IW/CPE ratio) and four potassium levels (application of potassium @ 0, 45, 60 and 75 kg/ha). Results revealed that scheduling of irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE (2144 kg/ha) and 0.8 IW/CPE (2067 kg/ha) recorded significantly higher on par grain yield as compared to other irrigation levels. Further, application of potassium @ 75 kg/ha (2031 kg/ha) and 60 kg/ha (1983 kg/ha) recorded significantly higher and on par grain yield over other treatments. The combined effect of irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE with application of potassium @ 75, 60 and 45 kg/ha enhanced the yield attributes and yield as compared to rest of the treatment combination. Irrigation at 0.4 IW/CPE ratio with no potassium application recorded significantly lower growth and yield parameters of sunflower.

The main aim of the study was to formulate organoleptic accepted nutri bori from locally available highly nutritious chowchow, chives, black gram and spices in different ratios and to study the proximate and sensorial quality. Bori was prepared in rural areas using mostly black gram pulse. The proximate content for protein, carbohydrate, fat and moisture were analysed. The result showed that Nutri Bori contained 18.9 % protein, 55.4 % carbohydrate 0.81% fat content and low moisture content (5.6 %) which is one of important factor for increasing shelf life of the product. The sensory quality was assessed by using 9 point hedonic scale and
possessed high sensory quality in terms of colour, flavour, texture, taste, appearance and overall acceptability.

The present study was conducted at North Sikkim and West Sikkim of Sikkim state using primary data collected from 90 growers. It was revealed that cultivation of large cardamom was found profitable. The establishment cost and per hectare annual total cost found to be higher with the larger farm size. Per hectare net return was found to be highest in small farm size. For overall farm size, the Net Present Worth, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), B:C ratio and payback period has been found to be Rs. 903246, 50.72, 2.54 and 2.27 respectively indicating economic viability and certainty of investment in large cardamom cultivation. The estimated Cobb-Douglas production function revealed that the sum of regression co-efficient for marginal, small and overall category was found to be greater than one except for medium farm. The ratio of MVP to MFC showed less than unity for human labour (X4 ) inmarginal farm, irrigation (X3) in small farm and for human labour (X4) was found negative in medium farm category. Provision should be made for availability of good quality disease free planting materials with exclusive research to enhance the production and yield of large cardamom in the study area.

Chilli is an important spice cum vegetable crop which is grown throughout India. India is the world’s largest producer, consumer and exporter of chillies in the world. The important states of chilli production are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. In Salem district, area under chilli cultivation is around 1100 ha in the year 2019-20. Among 20 blocks of Salem district, Kolathur block is well known for chilli cultivation in Salem District. Most of the farmers rely upon only the private chilli hybrids, for which they have to spend much more towards seed cost. An investigation was needed to assess the performance of high pungent chilli hybrids in Salem district. Hence, this investigation had been carried out to assess the per se performance of high pungent chilli hybrids in Salem district in the year 2021. An experiment was conducted as an on farm trial in five different locations of Salem district during Kharif season of 2021 in chilli using hybrids Arka Saanvi and TNAU Chilli Hybrid CO 1 with Sierra Hybrid of Mahyco, which (drought and powdery mildew tolerant hybrid with medium pungency fruits) as check hybrid. Regarding yield attribute, TNAU Chilli hybrid CO1 recorded highest yield per hectare (24t/ha) followed by Arka Saanvi (21t/ha) which might be due to the more number of fruits per plant in TNAU Chilli hybrid CO1 hybrid. Farmers preference as well as market preference in Salem District is more for TNAU Chilli Hybrid than Arka Saanvi because of its bigger size fruits with more number of fruits of high pungency. Regarding BC ratio, Arka Saanvi and Sierra recorded 2.50 and 1.79, respectively as against highest BC ratio of 2.71 in TNAU Chilli hybrid CO 1.