A study was undertaken with the aim to identify the career preferences of undergraduate final-year veterinary students of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University. The data were collected by convenient sampling method using a semi?structured pre-tested interview schedule from 30 boys and 30 girl students pursuing final year B.V.Sc. and A.H constituted the total sample size of 60. A set of 20 careers options were listed relevant to veterinary students and rated on a 4-point Likert scale (4-Highly preferred, 3-Preferred, 2-Least preferred, 1-Not preferred). The total weighed score (TWS) and weighed mean score (WMS) were calculated for each career choice and based on WMS ranks were assigned by using a simple rank order technique. The job of Government Veterinary Surgeon was identified as the most preferred choice by both the categories of students. Becoming research scientists were the second most preferred career choice by male respondents followed by military service, private practice and administrative service. The female respondents preferred career as doctors in milk plants, food system management, private practices and meat inspection officers in that order. Extension service and political career were the least preferred choice by both genders. There was a significant difference in preference among male and female respondents in administrative service (p<0.05) and military service (p<0.01)

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) is a collectivisation of small, marginal and landless farmers that provide support and services to the shareholders, including marketing services, technical assistance, processing, and inputs supplies. The concept of collectivisation through the local-level organisation is very important for the empowerment of small, marginal and landless farmers both in the agricultural and livestock sectors. An ex post facto research was conducted among the livestock-based FPOs in Kerala state to analyse the constraints faced by the selected FPOs. As per the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Kerala Regional Office, region-wise, there were 11, 7 and 10 FPOs operating in the Northern, Central and Southern Kerala, respectively. A total of 12 FPOs were chosen based on the number of FPOs in each stratum. A multistage random sampling method was adopted to sample the entire sampling population, which included 120 respondents. A semi-structured interview schedule was utilised as a tool to collect the data from the shareholders of FPO. Undeveloped storage facilities, lack of timely, inexpensive and high-quality feed and fodder, lack of the accurate market  information, low price of the produce, mobilisation of the farmers and lack of sufficient funds for recurring expenditure were the significant challenges faced by the FPOs under various domains such as technical, marketing, organisational, and economic constraints respectively.

There are various agencies like ITDA, DWO, Lodha and Mankadia development agency working for the development of tribal people. In spite of that majority of tribal people use land only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation in lean period. The study was conducted to analyse the
development programme of these agencies in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully as the district enriched with most number of tribal people. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions and three villages were selected randomly from each block totaling to twelve villages. Fifteen
tribal people were selected from each village with sample size of 180. The findings showed that majority of the respondents knew very well about the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act programme which was most useful developmental programme for the benefit of tribals. The extent of
facilities availed by the respondents reflected that the respondents got maximum facility from Antodyoya Anna Yojana or popularly known as BPL rice. Regarding the availability of technical support from the departments in farm activities, it was found that maximum support came from the agriculture  departments. The respondents availed the seed from department as critical input most of the times. About the benefit of the developmental schemes, it was found that District Primary Education Programme had a major role for the change in knowledge. With regards to the extent of demand for different departments for the development in the agriculture and allied sector, it was found that there was intense demand for the service from agriculture department.

The production of native chickens in India constitutes approximately 42% of the total chicken production and contributes around 24% to the overall meat and egg production. Identifying and characterizing nondescript indigenous chicken breeds is crucial. A recent comprehensive study was conducted in the Belgaum division of Karnataka State, India, to address this need. Hatching eggs were sourced from 180 villages across Bijapur, Belgaum, and Dharwad districts within the Belgaum division. These eggs were then hatched and reared separately using the deep litter system and following standard management  practices. Phenotypic characterization was conducted according to NBAGR guidelines when the birds reached 20 weeks of age. The average shank length of male birds ranged from 93.66±0.55 to 96.91±1.72 mm, while in female birds, it ranged between 81.53±0.65 to 83.08±0.31 mm. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among the three districts studied. Similarly, the average keel length of male birds varied from 114.04±0.67 to 123.75±1.67 mm, and in female birds, it ranged from 112.79±0.33 to 119.90±0.50 mm, with significant differences noted (P<0.05). The average breast angle of male birds ranged from 79.29±0.22° to 80.85±0.25°, while in female birds, it varied between 77.78±0.29° to 81.06±0.39°, showing significant differences (P<0.05). Furthermore, the average body weight at 20  weeks for male birds ranged from 1577.58±11.99 to 1669.04±9.20 g, and for female birds, it ranged from 1054.11±5.25 to 1063.43±4.92 g, also displaying significant differences (P<0.05).

A research work was carried out to discuss the effect of different packaging materials on the quality of broccoli stored in room condition. In Horticultural Research Station, Mondouri, the crop was grown which was harvested at tight and compact stage of broccoli for storage studies in room conditions. Broccoli were kept without any packaging material (T1), packaging with 0.5% perforation polypropylene bag (T2), 1% perforation polypropylene (PP) bag (T3) and polypropylene bag without any perforation (T4) and stored in room condition. During the storage period, the change in physico-chemical  characteristics based on physiological loss in weight (PLW), marketability, yellowing %, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids and chlorophyll content were studied at regular intervals in order to identify the  changes in quality during the room storage. The maximum weight loss (17.97%) occurred in broccoli without any packaging material while the minimum weight loss (2.49%) was recorded in broccoli without any perforation. Maximum TSS was recorded in broccoli heads packed with 1% perforation PP bag (T3) while the minimum was recorded in unpacked broccoli heads (T1). The maximum ascorbic acid content in non perforated packaging (T4) was 93.67 while minimum content in unpacked broccoli was 54% on the 3rd day. The highest value of chlorophyll content of 293 ?g/g on the day of storage declined to 271.33 ?g/g on the 3rd day of storage in non-perforated package (T4). Unpacked broccoli showed maximum yellowing which increased to 97.67% on while broccoli packed with no perforation (T4) resulted with least yellowing of 2% on the 3rd day of storage. So, the best packaging method in broccoli for room storage is T4 during the 3 days storage in room condition.

A study was conducted on red cabbage at the Precision Farming Development Centre, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth in Rahuri, Maharashtra, India. The research compared two growing environments: inside a polyhouse and in an open field. It also tested three different irrigation levels (0.90 ETc, 0.75 ETc,
and 0.60 ETc) and three fertilizer application rates (125% of the recommended dose (RD), 100% RD, and 75% RD). The results showed that red cabbage yielded the best under polyhouse conditions with the highest irrigation level (0.90 ETc) and the highest fertilizer rate (125% RD). Additionally, the highest water use efficiency was achieved with a slightly lower irrigation level (0.75 ETc) but still with the highest fertilizer rate (125% RD) inside the polyhouse

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of supplementing Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM), as a protein replacement for soyabean meal on production performance of Swarnadhara breeders. Three different graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal were used in formulating the diets; T1 (Control- 0% MOLM), T2 (5% MOLM), T3 (10% MOLM) and T4 (15% MOLM). One hundred and twelve Swarnadhara breedersof aged thirty weeks were randomly allocated to the four treatment diets containing MOLM at 0, 5, 10, and 15% levels replacing crude protein of soyabean meal. Feed intake, henday egg production, egg weight, Feed conversion ratio, fertility, hatchability and egg quality characteristics were measured among different dietary treatments. Among different treatments where MOLM was included in the feed replacing CP of soyabean meal, there was an improvement seen in hen day egg production in all the treatment groups when compared to control. There was no significant difference in egg weight, egg mass and egg quality characteristics like shell thickness, haugh unit and  yolk index. Therefore, as per present study Moringa olifera leaf meal can replace soyabean meal upto 15% level and can be a promising protein source in swarnadhara breeders.

The investigation was carried out to investigate the impact of paper mill effluent irrigation and compost application on yield of groundnut and soil fertility during kharif 2023 with well water and treated paper mill effluent at varying concentrations, at 0% (well water), 25%, 50%, 75% and100% enriched by organic manures (main plot 12.5 t/ha of farm yard manure and 5 t/ha of press mud compost) in groundnut cv VRI 10. The results indicated that among chemical properties, soil pH ranged from 7.40 to 7.97, with variations during different growth stages of the groundnut. The soluble salts in the experimental soil ranged from 0.28 to 0.43 dSm-1 during the entire crop duration. Available nutrients in soil generally showed higher concentrations with paper mill effluent irrigation and organic amendments, with values ranging from 184.3 to 198.3 kg/ha for nitrogen, 7.6 to 8.7 kg/ha for phosphorus, 186.0 to 205.5 kg/ha for  potassium and 3.5 to 4.6 mg/kg for sulphur. Haulm yield ranged from 2016 to 3133 kg/ha and pod yield ranged from 1440 to 1934 kg/ha, indicated a 25.5% (494 kg/ha) increased yield at 75% paper mill effluent irrigation combined with press mud compost application over control (well water irrigation). The  findings from this study indicated that the use of treated paper mill effluent, particularly when combined with organic manures, can be a sustainable approach for crop production.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), a monoecious annual vine of Cucurbitaceae family is cultivated for its edible fruits. The experiment was carried out at Department of Vegetable Science, Horticulture  College and Research Institute for Women, Tiruchirappalli during 2021-2023 with 31 bitter gourd genotypes laid out in randomised block design. Genotypes were evaluated under the sodic soils for the growth characters viz., vine length (cm), number of node at first male flower emergence, number of node  at first female flower emergence; yield characters viz., number of days for first harvest, single fruit weight (g), fruit yield (g vine-1), number of fruits per plant and quality parameter viz., total phenol content (mg GAE g-1) and vitamin C content (mg 100g-1). The results envisaged that among the 31 genotypes, the genotype MCPKM-04 observed for higher yield per vine (2422.80 g). The genotype MCPKM-19 was superior in terms of earliness (61.00 DAT) while MCPKM-05 performed better for vitamin C content (102.34 mg 100g-1) and total phenol content (34.13 mg GAE g-1) under sodic conditions. Selection of bitter gourd among the diverse genotypes with higher yield and quality necessarily help in various crop improvement programs.

The investigation on the rheological properties of muffin flour, development of muffin, physico-chemical composition and sensory evaluation was carried out in Community Science College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The different treatment combinations and proportions involving flour from refined wheat (RW), finger millet, kodo millet and cowpea flour were evaluated for the rheological properties such as water absorption, viscosity and gelatinization temperature. Muffin were developed and assessed for loaf volume, loaf weight, moisture, pH, TSS, total sugar, reducing sugar, protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamins. Sensory evaluation was done using 9 point hedonic scale method. The water absorption rate of the muffin was high in cowpea + RW flour (1.538 g) followed by kodo millet + cowpea +RW flour (1.435g) when compared to that of RW flour alone (1.014g). The finger millet + RW flour combination had a lower viscosity of 61.75 ml/sec and gelatinization temperature of 85oC and highest score for cowpea+ RW flour of 228.42 ml/sec. The overall acceptability scores were higher of 87.5% for finger millet + RW flour combination. Nutrient parameters were statistically significant for finger millet +cow pea+ RW flour with protein content of 11.80 g, calcium116.25 mg, 326.20 mg phosphorus and 2.56 mg of iron/100gm. Hence, both the rheological and physico-chemical properties were highly suitable for 25:25:50 treatment combination of finger millet + cowpea + RW flour and offers a convenient mixing proportion for development of muffin, both in terms of rheology and sensory characteristics.

Mentha plant is erect, perennial branched herb which is used to treat various types of human disorders. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. arvensis (L.) were tested to their actions against two selected  bacteria namely Citrobacter freundii (gram-) and Micrococcus luteus (gram+). The antibacterial effects was assessed by using method of disc diffusion at various concentrations. The findings showed that ethanol was finest solvent used to extraction as compared to aqueous for  testing the antibacterial  properties of leaf and stem extracts. Mentha arvensis (L.) extract showed maximum zone of inhibition
against both bacterial strains. Highest zone of inhibition 19.0mm was found in Citrobacter freundii at
highest concentration, while maximum inhibition by 12.5mg/ml ethanolic stem extract was 11mm
against Citrobacter freundii and maximum inhibition of Micrococcus luteus was 9 mm due to an ethanolic
leaf extract of Mentha arvensis (L.), and 7.3mm by 12.5 mg/ml ethanolic stem extract. The results also
revealed that ethanolic leaf extract of Mentha arvensis (L.) inhibited the population of tested pathogens
considerably as compared to other ethanolic extract. The findings suggested that more research should be
done on these plants and support their application in traditional medicine.

Long-term fertilizer experiments are an integral tool for comprehending how intensive cropping and continuous fertilizer application affect soil characteristics and crop performance. It paves the  way for the evaluation of sustainable agriculture practices. The aim of the current study was to monitor how fertilizers and manures consistently affected the productivity of a rice-rice cropping system in a lateritic soil. In situ green manuring was identified as a practical and affordable technology. Integrated nutrient management with FYM and in situ green manuring with daincha (Sesbania) recorded higher grain and straw yields across years. In comparison to the plot receiving solely inorganic nutrients, the soil\\\’s organic carbon content and biological properties were higher in the 100% NPK+ FYM plot and the 100% NPK+ In situ green manured (daincha) plot. The economic analysis of the demonstrations in farmers\\\’ field during 2019-22 indicates the cost effectiveness of the technology.

Okra is prominent vegetable crop cultivated in various parts of the world. In vegetable breeding there is a continuous need for identification of traits which can aid selection process. Hence, the current experiment was conducted during Kharif 2019 for studying the extent of the path and correlation coefficient for resolving indirect and direct effect of several characters on yield of fruit involving thirty genotypes of okra at ANDUA&T, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. During study, the most crucial character i.e., yield of fruit per plant manifested high and positive phenotypic correlation with marketable yield of fruit per plant and fruit circumference while, days taken to fruit harvest, plant height and days to 50 percent flowering showed significant and negative correlation with marketable yield of fruit per plant. The highest extent of phenotypic path coefficient positive direct effect on total fruit yield per plant was applied by marketable yield of fruit per plant subsequently by branches per plant while, direct negative effects on total fruit yield was exerted by total soluble solid subsequently by plant height. Hence, it might be concluded that the choices made on the basis of traits viz., marketable yield of fruit per plant, fruit circumference, branches per plant might be more beneficial during formulating selection indices in okra breeding and advancement programmes.

Tomato is one the world\\\’s most used and popular vegetable crops. It is one of the vegetables with its highest production in Mizoram and growers used as a source of income due to its cash value nature. Tomato variety Arka abhed is a high yielding F hybrid with multiple disease resistance to tomato leaf curl disease, bacterial wilt, early blight and late blight. It is suitable for summer, kharif and rabi cultivation. Unlike other part of the country, Mizoram receives a high rainfall during monsoon which leads to higher incidence of foliar and fruit rot diseases in tomato. As such, these diseases incidence resulted in low crop productivity and affects the farmers\\\’ income during off-season. Therefore, KVK Lawngtlai District is taking up cultivation of multiple disease resistant tomato variety Arka abhed during off-season (May -September) to help the farmers increase tomato production with higher rates. A field experiment was conducted at different locations during 2020-23 as off season crops with an objective to determine the
growth and yield attributes of tomato during off season. The present result indicates that indeterminate tomato type can produce high fruit yield during off season.

Black Bengal Goat farming business in one of the most profitable and promising entrepreneurship venture for rural youths and livestock farmers in Jalpaiguri district. The goat farmers make their earnings through trading of castrated male goats. However, they normally do not include mustard oilseed cake in the feed of these goats to enhance their body weight. This study included twenty-four (24) randomly selected Black Bengal castrated male goats from the farmer\\\’s field of uniform age and weight. The objective of the study was to find out the effect of four types of formulated concentrate feeds containing varying proportions of mustard oilseed cakes (MOC) on average body weight growth of goats. Four groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 based on MOC inclusion level (0%, 12%, 18% and 24%) in formulated concentrate feed were prepared. The goats were fed the feed for 90 days period. The consumption of prepared feed was significantly (p? 0.05) higher (205.36 g/ day) in T3 group than other groups. The dry matter intake (DMI) during the study period was increased in T1, T2, and T3 groups but decreased for the T4 group with no significant variation. Daily Crude Protein Intake (CPI) and total live weight gain were found significantly (p? 0.05) higher in T3 group of goats. The result explained that the Black Bengal castrated goats might have better body weight gain average when fed with 18% mustard oilseed cake
included in specific concentrate mixture

Social media marketing had indeed become a critical aspect of the overall marketing strategy for organizations, including Indian retailers. A well-defined social media marketing strategy acts as a blueprint that guides the entire process from formulation of products to implementation and evaluation. The study aimed to investigate and analyse the impact of social media on the marketing of food
commodities through organized retail markets. With the rapid growth of social media platforms and the increasing popularity of organized retail markets, it becomes essential to understand the relationship between these two phenomena and their influence on consumer buying behaviour and food commodity sales. Consumers were selected from five selected retail markets using simple random sampling. From each retail market, 20 respondents were selected. The data were collected from various age groups, income groups and gender groups. A total number of 100 customers were interviewed. The results revealed that social media highly influenced \\\’Alternatives evaluation\\\’ component of consumer behaviour
followed by \\\’Information search\\\’, \\\’Purchase decisions\\\’, \\\’Post purchase behaviour\\\’ and \\\’Need Recognition\\\’. The results indicate that the highest mean score was observed for \\\”Alternatives evaluation\\\” with a mean of 3.80, suggesting that social media significantly impacts consumers\\\’ evaluation and comparison of different options before making a purchase decision. Following closely, \\\”Information search\\\” and \\\”Purchase decision\\\”, both showed substantial mean scores of 3.41 and 3.21, respectively. This signifies that social media plays a crucial role in helping consumers gather information about products or services and influences their behaviour for deciding to purchase. The socio-psychological variables selected for
the study viz., Age, Occupation, Annual income had no significant relationship with buying behaviour while Education ,Social media readiness, Social media skills and Social media interaction pattern significantly influenced the buying behaviour of consumers

The present study covered 270 respondents. Multistage sampling technique was adopted to collect relevant data. The results showed that the agricultural  revolutions had a significant impact on agricultural labourers\\\’ incomes, but the farmers\\\’ incomes increased more significantly. In order to meet the economic turning point, agricultural labour wages did not increase sufficiently. Farm workers are compelled to take out loans during the lean season at rates below market value in order to pay for their future services. Demand for labour decreased overtime due to more capital-intensive agriculture and there is no significant industrial hub that might accommodate extra farm labourers. There is also no work during the off-season because farm operations are seasonal. As a result, the working class\\\’s income is reduced, which pushes more people below the
poverty line. The major source of income for farm labourer is the casual and contractual work with approximately 30 per cent of the total income and the much-hyped central employment scheme MGNRGA contributes only 6 per cent. On an average ?10616 was the monthly income and ?11493 was the expenditure of agricultural labourer. The drug and medical expenses were making big toll on farm labourer. There was less income inequality among the farm households then higher income groups with Gini ratio /coefficient of 0.25 per cent. There was a negative average propensity to saving. It was concluded that effective oversight of this MGNRGA is required. To address the current and changing nature of agriculture’s labour and wage structures there is need to create and amend regulations.

The present study deals with the mass media utilization by rural youth. The rural youth cover about seventy-five percent of the total youth population in India. They are the soul of nation\\\’s development. It delivers a need to study about the characteristics of the rural youth. An Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. Tirupathi and Kuppam mandals from Chittoor district and Kakinada Rural and Rajahmundry Rural mandals from East Godavari district were selected as they occupy the first two places in the context of rural population of the district. A sample size of 240 was selected for the study. From each district 120 respondents were selected. The study revealed that that three-fourth of the respondents (75.41
%) have medium level of mass media utilization, little more than one-eighth of the respondents (14.17 %) have low level of mass media utilization and only one-tenth of the respondents (10.42 %) have high level of mass media utilization

Hingoli district is in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. The district has 4,24,589 ha area in Kharif season spread over 610 villages, however it reduces to 18,739 ha in Rabi Seasons with 101 villages. The major crops of the district are soybean, turmeric, cotton, pigeon pea and gram. The district suffers from various natural calamities like climate change, flood, droughts and non-seasonal rainfall, changes in temperature, urbanization, and fragmented land holding. For resolving above problems in agriculture there is need to commercialize agriculture, change is farming system, cropping pattern and adoption of allied agricultural related activities to ensure an all-round development of farming families and improving standard of living of farmers in Hingoli district. Keeping in view the above, 110 farmers were selected in nineteen villages of Kalamnuri, Aundha Nagnath and Hingoli block of the district for intervention under doubling farmer\\\’s income during 2020-2021. The data were collected using a well structured  and pretested interview schedule by covering all dimensions. The study reflected that a total of 71.82 per cent of respondents were middle aged (36 to 55 yrs), while 92.73% of respondents were male. The respondents were having middle school (41.82) % to 10th standard education levels (34.55%), 34.55 % had marginal land holding (less than 1.0 ha), 44.55 per cent had medium to high net income (Rs.62162/-224900/-) per annum. It was noticed that income from field crop increased by 182.24% due to  technological interventions with the contribution of 47.95% in additional income.

In recent years, a growing number of goat farmers in the villages of Kandi area have turned to goat rearing as a means of generating income. However, many of these farmers lacked scientific knowledge about proper goat husbandry practices, leading to lower return on investment. To address this issue, training sessions were organized for the farmers with the aim of enhancing their understanding and awareness of goat rearing practices and thereby increasing their income. A questionnaire was prepared on four different aspects viz., feeding, general management, disease prevention and control and reproductive management
aspects and the farmers were assessed both prior and post training to check the increase in knowledge levels of goat farmers. Prior to the training, it was observed that farmers had limited knowledge regarding feeding (39%), general management (47 %), disease prevention and control (46 %) and reproductive
management (86 %). However, following training sessions, a significant improvement was observed by around 49, 48 51 and 11 % in the farmers\\\’ understanding on these critical goat rearing aspects for feeding, general management, disease prevention and control and reproductive management respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that, scientific knowledge and awareness regarding the various aspects of goat farming is very important for the farmers for better return on investment.

Social media marketing had indeed become a critical aspect of the overall marketing strategy for organizations, including Indian retailers. A well-defined social media marketing strategy acts as a blueprint that guides the entire process from formulation of products to implementation and evaluation. The study aimed to investigate and analyse the impact of social media on the marketing of food commodities through organized retail markets. With the rapid growth of social media platforms and the increasing popularity of organized retail markets, it becomes essential to understand the relationship between these two phenomena and their influence on consumer buying behaviour and food commodity sales. Consumers were selected from five selected retail markets using simple random sampling. From each retail market, 20 respondents were selected. The data were collected from various age groups, income groups and gender groups. A total number of 100 customers were interviewed. The results revealed that social media highly influenced \\\’Alternatives evaluation\\\’ component of consumer behaviour
followed by \\\’Information search\\\’, \\\’Purchase decisions\\\’, \\\’Post purchase behaviour\\\’ and \\\’Need Recognition\\\’. The results indicate that the highest mean score was observed for \\\”Alternatives evaluation\\\” with a mean of 3.80, suggesting that social media significantly impacts consumers\\\’ evaluation and comparison of different options before making a purchase decision. Following closely, \\\”Information search\\\” and \\\”Purchase decision\\\”, both showed substantial mean scores of 3.41 and 3.21, respectively. This signifies that social media plays a crucial role in helping consumers gather information about products or services and influences their behaviour for deciding to purchase. The socio-psychological variables selected for
the study viz., Age, Occupation, Annual income had no significant relationship with buying behaviour while Education ,Social media readiness, Social media skills and Social media interaction pattern significantly influenced the buying behaviour of consumers

Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is one of the major pest infecting field beans in Mysore district results in more than 80 per cent crop loss. The pest mainly infects the pods which in turn reduces the crop yield and market acceptance. To control this pest, the farmers are using chemicals indiscriminately which increase the cost of production and also harmful to the ecosystem. The present experiment was conducted at 10 farmers field at Hulyalu village, Hunsuru Taluk and introduced the integrated management of gram pod borer technology which involved installation of pheromone traps 20/ha at flowering stage, application of Azadiractin 10000ppm @ 2 ml/l and need based application of Emamectin benzoate 5%SG 0.5 gram per liter. The experimental results indicated that the demonstrated fields were recorded with an average 6.50 per cent pod damage by the pod borer larvae compare to 70 per cent in uncontrolled farmer\\\’s field. Meanwhile the significantly a greater number of pods (75.80) per plant were observed in treated plots with yield of 92.10 q/ ha compared to 52.60 pods and 61.30 q/ha in untreated fields, respectively. The overall results and farmers feedback implies that the adoption of integrated pest management technologies for the management of gram pod bore in field bean reduced the cost on pest management by 50 per cent by reduction in the number of sprays (total number of sprays-3) and also improves the yield by 33.44 per cent and market acceptability.

The present study was conducted at the Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli to study the meat consumption pattern among the students with a sample size of 295 respondents. Preference for red meat and white meat has more impact on the meat consumption pattern. As well as the age factor has a valuable influence on meat consumption patterns. Age of the students involved in the study was 17 yrs to 24 yrs old. The results revealed that the most preferred choice of meat was chicken (76.6%) followed by Chevon (11.2%) and mutton (9.5%). The frequency of meat consumption revealed that most of the students consume meat once a week (49.5%) followed by twice a week (25.1%). Most of the students (73.9%) were aware of processed meat with the choice of preference to consume (32.9%). Whereas 41.7% of the students did not prefer to consume processed meat products. 42.7% of students expressed their reason for meat consumption as taste (42.7%) followed by nutrition (42.4%).

The study was carried out to investigate the motivational factors in adherence to act, rules and guidelines given by Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) in shrimp farming. Information was collected randomly from 108 shrimp farmers from North Konkan region, Maharashtra using interview schedule. The weighted average technique was used to understand various motivational factors in adherence to act, rules and guidelines given by CAA in shrimp farming. The study revealed that, the top motivating factors were practicing environmentally responsible and socially acceptable coastal aquaculture, minimize impacts on local water resources and minimize impacts on surrounding resource user. Reducing the risks associated with shrimp diseases, utilizing land and water resources for sustainable shrimp farming and following better management practices and maximizing economic returns on investment within a reasonable time frame was least motivating factor in adherence to sustainability. The motivation can be enhanced by conducting awareness among shrimp farmers about act, rules and guidelines given by CAA.

Ready-to-Eat (RTE) and Ready-to-Cook (RTC) are the new concepts in the food industry to define how quickly and conveniently food can be prepared and relished. Trials were conducted to develop a nutrition bar supplemented with fish protein powder extracted from carp (Labeo rohita) to improve protein in snack bar. The nutrition bar without Fish Protein Powder (FPP) was considered as control (C), whereas Fish Protein Powder was added @ 2.5% in T1, 5.0% in T2, 7.5% in T3, 10.0% in T4, and 12.5% in T5. Nutrition bars were analysed for proximate composition; the moisture content of the nutrition bars ranged
between 6.22-6.25%, Protein 13.79% (in control) to 27.70% (T5). Fat 10.82% (T5) to 12.10% (control), Ash 2.51% (Control) to 2.87% (T5), and carbohydrate 52.36% (T5) to 65.33% (control). \\\’L*\\\’ & \\\’a*\\\’ values of colour analysis were increased, whereas \\\’b*\\\’ value decreased with the addition of FPP. Hardness of the
nutrition bar was also increased due to the addition of Fish Protein Powder. Among all the treatments T3 (7.5% FPP) was highly accepted by the sensory evaluators. It can be concluded that FPP can be added to the nutrition bar up to 7.5% without significantly altering its sensory acceptability.

The experiments were conducted to study the performance of three carrot varieties PCP-2, PCY-2 and Punjab Black Beauty during Rabi season of 2020-21 at four locations of district Tarn Taran and three varieties PCO-4, Arka Suraj and Early Nantes in district Amritsar during Rabi season of 2021-22 using randomized block design for yield and its contributing traits. The root colour of variety PCP-2 was purple with orange flesh, PCY-2 was yellow and for variety Punjab Black beauty it was purple. The varieties PCO-4, Arka Suraj and Early Nantes were orange in colour. Maximum average root yield was recorded in
variety PCP-2 (517.54 q/ha) which also showed less forking (0.69%) followed by variety PCY-2 (508.40 q/ha) and variety Punjab Black Beauty (473.10 q/ha) in district Tarn Taran. The varieties PCO-4 showed maximum average yield (441.66q/ha) less forking (0.49%) followed by varieties Early Nantes (392.00q/ha) and Arka Suraj (362.33q/ha) at district Amritsar

A dual culture of Amur common carp and Jayanti rohu were demonstrated for the first time in Imphal East district, Manipur. The trial was conducted in five  farmers\\\’ ponds of a total 2 ha area for eight months period. Conventional feed like mustard oil cake (MOC) and rice bran (RB) @ 1:1 ratio was fed to the fish @ 3-6 percent of body weight per day in two installments by the farmers. Water quality parameters and plankton analysis were done during the culture period. Water temperature was found in the range of 20.4 to 27.7°C, pH was maintained in the optimum range of 7.2 to 7.6 and plankton analysis appeared between 0.4 to 6.3 mg/l. After eight months of the culture period, the average body weight (standard length) of Amur carp and Jayanti rohu were recorded as 751 g (20.46 cm) and 562.5 g (19.72 cm), respectively.
Moreover, Amur carp observed a better growth rate as compared to Jayanti rohu

This research paper investigated the reproductive health issues faced by female sugarcane cutters randomly selected from ten villages of five talukas of Beed District of Maharashtra. An exploratory study was conducted, which included interviews of 80 female sugarcane cutters who had undergone hysterectomy
and who had not undergone hysterectomy (40 each). The data were collected on the basis of the structured open ended interview schedule and by using the socio-economic status scale. Large strata of female sugarcane cutters were undergoing hysterectomy in between 22-38 yrs age range, which are very critical and sensitive years of life influencing their overall health at higher risk. Almost all of them reported that the major health issues because of which they went for hysterectomy were resolved but with this, they started with new problems regarding physical and emotional issues. In view of these concerns, a digital mobile app was developed to create awareness among these respondents to reduce the chances of hysterectomy. It can be concluded that the developed digital technology application helped in enhancing the reproductive health awareness and well being of female sugarcane cutters. By providing accessible information, this digital technology application Aarogyadnyan contributed to empowering these female sugarcane cutters with knowledge essential for making informed decisions about their reproductive health.

The experiments were conducted during the successive season 2022 at Vegetable farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo to evaluate the Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) genotypes for seed yield and its contributing characters sown on different sowing dates. The results revealed that improved PSC 117-118 genotype recorded earliest days to 50% flowering (95.66d), number of leaves 24.45 by Kartiki genotype, breadth of leaf 24.23 cm in PSC104, maximum polar diameter 18.27 cm by Noval and maximum length of leaf 42.17 cm, maximum equatorial diameter 27.15 cm, minimum days to siliqua maturity 156.66d, pod length 7.64 cm, pods per plant 712, 1000 seed weight 1.78 g, grains per pod 12.44, highest seed yield per plant 12.35 g was recorded in Super 70 as compared with the other cauliflower genotypes. The combined effect of sowing dates and genotypes showed that crop sown on 8th September with PSC104, PSC117-118, Noval, Kartiki genotypes performed well in respect of growth characters and Super 70 genotype in seed yield parameters were found to be the best from all other varieties.

Leaf litters are potential organic nutrient inputs and assume prime importance in the present era of ecofriendly farming. An experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani to evaluate the efficacy of composted litter as nutrient source in Amaranthus and the changes elicited in soil properties. The treatments included litter composts of jack and coconut leaves prepared with different enhancers of decomposition and enriched with PGPR Mix I biofertilizers and were laid out in RBD replicated thrice. Litter compost application was found to have favourable influences on soil available nutrient status and microbial population. Vegetable yields (20.20 Mg/ha) and economic returns (B:C ratio- 1.92. were significantly higher in the substitution of 50% RDN with coconut leaf litter compost [composting inoculum (liquid) + earthworms]. The increase in yields ranged from 3 to 46 per cent with compost application over the control. Hence, it was concluded that conversion of leaf litter to valuable organic manures through composting and inclusion in production package of amaranthus ensures reduction of chemical nitrogen input usage by 50 per cent, triggers microbial activity and sustains fertility in soil.

The study was conducted to determine anganwadi workers\\\’ (AWs) knowledge levels about children\\\’s developmental milestones as well as the information sources they use. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) providers (50 anganwadi workers from 30 urban and 20 from rural anganwadi centres) and their anganwadi children of Ludhiana district were studied. It was found that the majority of anganwadi workers had an average knowledge level and 10-15 years of experience. A significant finding of the study was that AWs in rural areas were more knowledgeable than their urban counterparts. Compared to children from urban areas, children from rural anganwadi centers possess more gross motor skills and have better socio-emotional development. There was a correlation between knowledge of AWs and children\\\’s developmental milestones that significantly impacts fine motor skills, cognitive skills, and language skills of urban children as well as gross motor skills and socio-emotional skills in rural anganwadi centres.

Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to increase production, guarantee safety, and boost overall food processing operations efficiency. AI technologies are becoming more useful for automating post-harvest procedures and decreasing food loss in the food processing sector. Keeping these facts in mind, a system was developed to reduce the broken percent from the processing of paddy (Oryza sativa) that is called Ohmic – heating system. In that system temperature sensor and SS electrodes, multi- function meter was used to take reading of temperature, frequency and voltage for uniform heating. Experiments were carried out for paddy variety MTU 1010 with parboiled and raw paddy samples and observations were taken at various voltage – gradients of 24.44, 25, 25.56, 26.11 and 26.67 V/cm in the heating chamber of ohmic system. The milling qualities of paddy obtained by milling of parboiled and raw paddy, the highest head yield of 88.09% and lowest broken yield of 11.90 % at 26.67 V/cm for parboiled samples. Whereas,
the raw sample had a head yield of 61.50 and broken of 38.56%. The study concluded that the use of an ohmic-heating system improved the quality of milled paddy that was parboiled. Additionally, it eliminated the need for an entire boiler unit, which reduced the processing cost of parboiled paddy and made the parboiling unit safer and easier to work with.

The study conducted in Kerala during 2021–2022 aimed to analyze the socio-personal characteristics of field extension functionaries (FEFs) from the Dairy Development Department (DDD). Employing an exploratory research design, a sample of 120 respondents, comprising 60 Dairy Extension Officers (DEOs) and 60 Dairy Farm Instructors (DFIs), were selected using non-proportionate stratified random sampling. Data was collected through structured interviews. The findings revealed a predominantly middle-aged (31-50y), well-educated workforce (undergraduate and above) with a notable representation of women (70%), mostly married (86.7%). Many respondents had limited service experience (below 10 years) and had undergone minimal training. Additionally, a majority lived with their families near their place of work (55%). Addressing socio-personal characteristics of FEFs is essential for a skilled, motivated, and productive dairy workforce, contributing to industry growth and sustainability in Kerala. Improving skills and knowledge among new recruits in the dairy sector is vital,
especially through targeted training in new technologies, dairy management, and leadership. Tailored programs, suited to individuals\\\’ experience, are key for skill enhancement and career progression. Implementing interventions based on these findings is essential to enhance the effectiveness of FEFs in Kerala. Strategies to attract and retain young talent, promote work-life balance, and support family needs are crucial for sustaining the dairy workforce. Initiatives promoting gender inclusivity and leadership opportunities can create a supportive work environment, ensuring organizational success.

The present investigation was conducted to standardize the protocol for composting of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leaf wastes. Cocoa leaf litter is a important waste material from cocoa. Since these wastes are rich in lignin and cellulose, it takes long time for decomposition and hence add nutrients slowly
to the soil. In order to decompose the waste quickly, the effectiveness of several decomposing agents, including micro organisms, in degrading the waste of cocoa and the performance of cocoa compost were studied. The treatments included Cocoa leaf waste + cow dung slurry (T1), Cocoa leaf waste + Earthworm(T2), Cocoa leaf waste + TNAU Biomineralizer (T3), Cocoa leaf waste + Phanerochaete
chrysosporium (T4) and Cocoa leaf waste + Pleurotus Sajor- Caju (T5). Physiochemical properties such as changes in temperature, pH and EC were recorded. Among the different days and treatments, the highest temperature of 60.5°C was recorded in cocoa leaf waste inoculated with cow dung slurry (T ) on 1
30th day of composting, the lowest pH of 6.09 was recorded in the cocoa leaf waste inoculated with earthworm (T ) on 120th day of composting and the lowest EC of 0.52 dSm-1 was registered in cocoa leaf 2 waste inoculated with  hanerochaete chrysosporium (T ) on 120th day of observation.

The current study was carried out in Madurai and Trichy districts of Tamil Nadu. Two blocks from each district were chosen. The various constraints faced by farmers in adoption of green technologies in rice based ecosystem was measured by using Garret ranking technique. For this study, a total sample size of 240 people was used. It was observed that labour scarcity was ranked as first followed by poor quality of inputs as second and lack of advanced planning about the purchase and application of manures and fertilizers as third. Farmers had lack of knowledge in identifying pests and diseases and applied extra doses of fertilizers which inturn cause harm to themselves as well as to the crops.

The socioeconomic study of trawler operators is crucial for comprehending the factors that influence their livelihoods, well-being, and the sustainability of resources. The study was conducted in Ratnagiri taluka of Maharashtra to assess the socioeconomic status of trawler operators. The exploration of socioeconomic status involved scrutinizing demographic features, assets holdings, and housing details. An interview schedule was prepared, and data were collected from 102 trawler operators selected through random sampling from December 2022 to April 2023. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft  Excel and SAS software. The findings revealed that the majority of trawler operators belonged to the
middle age group (57.84%) and had attained education up to primary and secondary levels (32.35%). Moreover, 93.14% of trawler operators were members of a cooperative society. The study concluded that the socioeconomic status of trawler operators was moderately good, evidenced by access to sanitation
facilities, electricity supply in their homes, and ownership of immovable assets such as land, houses, boats, and essential movable assets, which collectively signify the wealth of their families.

Optimum productive performance of Vanaraja poultry under improved technologies in backyard system of rearing was studied from August, 2022 to September, 2023. For this study, a total of 120 farmers with minimum two years of experience for rearing poultry were selected at random from 12 villages in the
West Siang and Leparada districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The strength, weakness, opportunity and threats (SWOT) analysis revealed backyard poultry farming can always be a source for livelihood improvement for the rural farmers. After technologies demonstrated through FLD, 96.67% farmers adopted scientific housing with a gain of 3400±2.62g adult cock\\\’s body weight, whereas in TFP it was recorded as 2650±1.54g. The avg. age of laying first egg under FLD was found to be 24.40±0.32 weeks with a 140.04±1.25 numbers of egg production annually, whereas in case of TFP it was 25.44±0.54 weeks and 112.26±2.10 numbers. The overall mortality percentage of birds after 52 weeks of age was recorded as 6.18±0.14 in FLD whereas in TFP it was 19.47±0.25. The results showed that the former yielded much higher profits than the latter due to enhanced rearing practices.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the agricultural sector. This paper explores the integration of AI solutions in agriculture to optimize resource management, enhance productivity and ensure sustainability. The systematic collection and analysis of data from diverse sources such as sensors, drones and satellites, AI algorithms provide valuable insights into soil conditions, crop health and weather patterns. These insights enable farmers to make informed decisions regarding seed selection, pest management, irrigation and market strategies. Machine Learning processes, including data input, model building and generalization, empower AI algorithms to tackle complex problems such as weather forecasting, disease diagnosis and pattern recognition. Additionally, computer vision technologies enable machines to interpret and extract meaningful information from visual data, revolutionizing tasks like crop monitoring and weed detection. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones play a pivotal role in agriculture by gathering data, mapping fields and performing tasks such as surveillance and pesticide spraying with precision and efficiency. The integration of AI, drones contribute to sustainable farming practices and improved yield outcomes. Overall, the adoption of AI-driven solutions in agriculture promises to revolutionize traditional farming methods, mitigate environmental challenges and ensure food security in the face of growing global demand and climate variability.

Crop residue is one of the various kinds of agricultural waste produced annually. In order to handle the massive amount of crop leftover and have the field ready for the succeeding crop ahead of schedule, farmers choose to burn the residue. In addition to contributing to global warming, crop residue burning has grown to be a serious environmental vis-à-vis soil health concern. Taking into account the abovementioned circumstances, a participatory field trial was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 in Pipariya Kalan and Khairi villages of Shahpura and Patan blocks of Jabalpur district in Madhya Pradesh. Rice-wheat farming, the primary cause of crop residue fires, was the pattern utilized in the trial. The current study aimed to compare three treatments: crop residue removal for ex situ decomposition (ED), in situ decomposition (ID), and residue burning (RB) in field. The pooled data of two years indicated that the
ED residue completely decomposed in 52 d after use of lignocellulolytic bacterial and fungal based microbial consortia over traditional decomposition (TD) practices where it took 95 d. Organic carbon (14.88%), nitrogen (0.97%), phosphorus (0.55%), and potassium (0.79%) contents were greater in ED than that of residues decomposed conventionally. Soil samples from in situ decomposition (ID) and the RB fields were taken before onset of monsoon and analyzed for SOC, available N, P and K contents. The results of the in situ decomposition of wheat residue using bacterial and fungal base microbial inoculants and residue burnt (RB) fields showed that the soil organic carbon (SOC), available N, P, and K status decreased by 11.48, 27, 13.62, and 16.55 per cent in the burnt fields, respectively. These values were recorded as 0.61%, 175.66, 18.32, and 231.77 kg/ha in the RB fields, and 0.68%, 223.08, 20.81, and 270.13 kg/ ha in the ID fields respectively

The present study focused on the effectiveness of mechanical methods to deter the wild animals from the paddy fields in the Palakkad district of Kerala state, India. An experiment for comparing the efficacy of three sound repellents (pot and stick, fan and plate, bio-acoustics equipment) and one light repellent against unprotected fields was conducted to determine the most effective method for deterring wild boar. All the mechanical methods were found effective in reducing crop damage incidences compared to unprotected fields. Sound repellents, bio-acoustics equipment (2.50), and fan and plate (4.25) reduced the crop damage incidences compared to the light repellent (7.25) and the fields without protection (18.50). It was found that bio-acoustics equipment protected a larger area, 4.4 ha, with a single unit. The best two equipment from the study, bio-acoustics and fan and plate, along with olfactory repellent, Bo Rep, and bio-fencing, were used to demonstrate wild boar management in a large area. It was found that the integrated use of mechanical and other repellents was very effective in preventing the wild boar from entering the paddy fields

An assessment of different french bean varieties under organic conditions of hills was carried out at KVK (ICAR-VPKAS), Kafligair, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand during spring- summer of 2022 and 2023, which is most suitable season for the growth, yield and marketing of french bean in hills. Six french bean varieties
namely CITH- FB-1, PFB- 135, VL Bean- 2, Arka Suvidha, Komal Private and Pant Anupama with 3 replications were assessed in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The sowing was done in third week of March in both the years. PFB 135 was the first to flower 50 percent (36.5 days in 2022 and 39.4 days in 2023) and gave first harvest (55.3 days in 2022 and 61.0 days in 2023) in both the years, which was statistically at par to VL Bean 2. Significant differences were found in yield among different varieties of french bean and CITH FB 1 gave significantly highest yield. For quality attributes depending on consumer preference, Komal Private gained highest points and ranked as excellent. VL Bean 2 and Pant Amupama scored 4 and ranked as very good. Maximum gross return, net return and B:C was calculated for VL Bean 2.

Hydrallantois is a substantial agglomeration of fluid in the allantioc sac. It accounts for about 85-90% of the dropsical condition, which shows detrimental effect on bovine foetus and its membrane. Hydrallantois or hydropsy allantois is a sporadic pregnancy disorder reported in dairy animals. It is defined as severe and extensive edema of the fetal membrane, and incidence is noticed mainly in cattle, but sparsely spotted in sheep, pigs and carnivores. A case of such hydrallantois was presented with rounded abdominal distension for the past 5 days, for which the pregnancy termination was advocated using hormones, corticosteroids and fluid therapy. Furthermore, a complete recovery of the cow was noticed without any untoward consequences.

In response to the reluctance to cultivate oyster mushrooms in Ladakh due to the high cost of wheat/barley  straw, a study was undertaken to explore the feasibility of cultivating oyster mushrooms using a combination of straw and leaves. The objective was to evaluate the performance of mushroom yields and
associated parameters, thereby underscoring the significance of mushrooms in the region. The study was carried out at three selected mushroom growers\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\’ sites as part of an On-farm trial. The substrate quality of two distinct materials, namely willow leaves and wheat straw, as well as a combination of both (wheat
straw + willow leaves in a 1:1 ratio) were evaluated for cultivating oyster mushrooms. The cultivated mushrooms were harvested in three flushes, with the yield data revealing that the highest fresh weight yield was achieved from wheat straw (315g, 327g, 359 g from different locations). Contrary to this, a combination of wheat straw and willow leaves (1:1 ratio) produced slightly lower yields (299g, 300g, 302g) and the lowest yields were obtained from willow leaves alone (249 g, 273g, 281g). In this study it was found that on willow leaves the yield was low but it was economically feasible as it is the cheapest substrate to grow oyster mushroom.