An experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2023 at the College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, to evaluate the genetic variability of yield and quality traits in a 235-member F population of Cucumis 2 melo L. The study utilized an augmented block design with three checks. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for nearly all traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. The range of variation was widest for individual fruit weight (110–930 g), yield per vine (480–5180 g), shelf life (5–16d), and total soluble solids (3.10–6.71°Brix). Genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) were lower than phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) for all traits, suggesting environmental influence on trait expression. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean (GAM) was observed for all traits except days to first male and female flower appearance. These findings suggest that selection for most traits can be effective, with the exception of flowering time traits.

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) is appreciated for its diverse flower forms, vibrant colors, and multifaceted uses as cut flowers, loose flowers, and potted plants. Present study evaluated the growth and flowering performance of eight chrysanthemum cultivars namely Bontempi, Hamilton, Arctic Queen, Champagne Yellow, White Marble, Yellow Marble, Lollipop, and Green Button under controlled polyhouse conditions. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed for the assessment. Significant variability was observed among the cultivars with respect to growth and floral characteristics. White Marble recorded the highest plant height (82 cm) and maximum flower production (15 flowers/plant), while Yellow Marble exhibited the greatest plant spread (25 cm North–South and 19 cm East–West), largest disc diameter (2.8 cm), and a flower diameter of 6.3 cm. Lollipop demonstrated the highest stem girth (10 mm) whereas Purple Majesty exhibited the longest internodal length (5 cm). In addition, Green Button excelled in the number of primary branches (22) and
ray floret width (1.5 cm). The findings emphasized the genetic variability influencing growth and
flowering attributes and highlighted the effectiveness of polyhouse cultivation in enhancing flower quality and productivity. Among the evaluated cultivars, Bontempi, Hamilton, Arctic Queen, and Champagne Yellow showed superior  potential for commercial cultivation under protected conditions meeting the quality standards required for both domestic and export markets.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the growth and flowering characteristics of eight African marigold (Tagetes erecta) varieties. The field experiment was carried out at the experimental plot of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, during the rabi season (October 2024 to January 2025). The study revealed significant differences in the growth and flowering parameters among the eight evaluated varieties of marigold. Yesh Orange recorded the maximum plant height (94.67 cm), followed by Dream Yellow (89.00 cm), whereas the minimum plant height was observed in Prime Orange (75.33 cm). The variety Prime Orange exhibited superior performance in terms of the number of secondary branches (76.67) and plant spread (62.33 cm East-West and 62.67 cm North-South). The highest number of primary branches per plant was recorded in Akash Orange (16) followed by Aradhana (15) with an lowest number of branches in Lemon Yellow (9.67). Variety Aradhana exhibited an exceptional vegetative and reproductive traits, recording the maximum stem girth (20.42 mm), leaf length (10.00 cm), leaf width (8.33 cm), flower diameter (43.33 mm) and the maximum individual flower weight (18.33 gm). In contrast, Lemon Yellow recorded the lowest leaf length (7.00 cm) and leaf width (5.67 cm). The smallest flower diameter (29.09 mm) and the lesser flower weight (8.93 gm) were recorded in the Akash Orange variety.

A study was done in 2021-2022 at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot. The research examined 17 different growth and flower traits in French marigold (Tagetes patula) plants to check for genetic differences, inheritance patterns and improvement potential. The results showed clear variations among the plants for all traits studied. Flower yield per plant (204.66) and flower yield per hectare (7.01) exhibited high genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) values of 55.98% and 61.10%, respectively. Both traits demonstrated exceptional heritability estimates of 99.03% and 99.01%, indicating a strong genetic foundation for improvement through selection. The genetic advance (GA) for flower yield per plant was 234.87 (114.76% GAM), highlighting the potential for substantial yield improvements. Individual flower weight, another critical yield-related trait, showed considerable variability with a GCV of 58.94%, a heritability estimates of 98.37%, and a genetic advance
of 2.02 (120.42% GAM). These findings emphasized the potential of using flower yield per plant, flower yield per hectare and individual flower weight as key traits for selection in breeding programs focused on improving marigold productivity. Additionally, shelf life, though exhibiting moderate variability, also showed heritable potential, contributing to both yield and marketability. These results underscored the efficacy of breeding programs targeting enhanced yield traits, as they exhibit high heritability and genetic advance, making them suitable characters for genetic improvement in French marigold.

Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) a widely cultivated ornamental bulbous crop, valued for its vibrant flower spikes, diverse color range and extended vase life. This study evaluated the growth and floral performance of eight gladiolus cultivars under open-field conditions in Karnataka, India. The experiment was conducted at the College of Horticulture, Bagalkot by following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, assessing 8 cultivars including Arka Ayush, Arka Amar, Arka Tilak, Arka Darshna, Punjab Pink Elegance, Manhattan, S. Lady and Dhanvantari. Significant variations were observed in growth traits such as plant height, leaf number, leaf length and leaf area. Arka Amar recorded the tallest plants (111 cm) and the highest leaf number (12), while Dhanvantari exhibited the largest leaf area (114.72 cm²). In terms of floral traits, Arka Darshna produced the highest number of spikes per plant (2.54) and Arka Amar demonstrated superior spike length (75 cm), rachis length (42.3
cm) and floret count (13). The largest floret diameter (9.1 cm) was observed in Arka Tilak, whereas Dhanvantari and Manhattan consistently displayed lower growth and floral metrics. The findings highlighted the diverse performance of gladiolus cultivars under local conditions, with Arka Amar and Arka Darshna emerging as promising options for enhanced productivity and ornamental value. This study provides valuable insights for selecting cultivars suited to open-field cultivation in Karnataka.

Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), a valuable indigenous fruit tree of the Rhamnaceae family offers significant nutritional and mineral benefits. However, its cultivation is limited due to the lack of quality planting material, with seed propagation causing variability in plant vigor, delayed fruiting and inconsistent fruit quality. In this context, vegetative propagation, particularly grafting and budding, plays a crucial role in maintaining genetic uniformity and preserving cultivar identity. Successful grafting involves callus formation and vascular union between scion and rootstock. However, graft incompatibility can hinder success when different genotypes or species are involved. This study aimed to identify the best vegetative method and variety for ber propagation under in situ conditions. The results showed that grafting the Dandan variety onto Ziziphus mauritiana var. rotundifolia which is resistant to biotic and abiotic stress gave the best results. The Dandan variety exhibited the highest graft height (29.83 cm, 33.83 cm, and
39.21 cm), graft diameter (0.68 cm, 0.91 cm, and 1.2 cm), number of leaves (28.00, 33.66, and 38.16), graft success (91.16%, 86.00%, and 87.83%) and graft survival rate (91.16%, 88.83%, and 87.83%) 30, 60 and 90 days after grafting respectively. In contrast, the Chhuhar variety grafted onto Ziziphus mauritiana var. rotundifolia showed the lowest performance. These findings underlined the importance of selecting the right root stock and variety to enhance graft success, genetic stability of ber.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate 13 Gomphrena genotypes for qualitative and quantitative traits at College of Horticulture, Bagalkot in a randomized block design with three replications during 2022. Observations were recorded from each genotype for both qualitative and quantitative traits. The results revealed that maximum plant height, plant spread in N-S and E-W direction, stem girth, days from bud to bloom, duration of flowering, , individual flower weight, number of flowers per plant and yield per plant was observed in genotype AGS-4. More number of primary branches were noticed in AGS-7, secondary branches in AGS-10, maximum leaves count in AGS-5. The genotype AGS-9 took minimum number of days to bud initiation, while AGS-8 took least number of days to 50 percent flowering. The quality traits like stalk length and inflorescence length were best in genotype AGS-1. The highest shelf life and display
life was observed in genotype AGS-3 and AGS-6. Based on the qualitative results, genotype AGS-8, 9 and 10 exhibited upright growth habit and remaining other genotypes belonged to spreading type. RHS colour chart grouped all genotypes into four major flower colour groups i.e, pink, white, purple and red flower colour, leaf blade as reddish purple group, genotype AGS-1, 2, 4, 5 8 and 9 belonged to short acuminate blade shape, whereas other genotypes showed acute leaf blade shape.

A field study was conducted using a randomized block design with six treatments, each replicated three times, at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh to evaluate the efficacy of AC 01 (chlorantraniliprole) 0.4% GR, a formulation developed by NATCO Pharma Limited, Hyderabad against commercially available formulations of chlorantraniliprole 0.4G and fipronil 0.3G for the control of early shoot borer and termites in sugarcane. Treatments were applied at the time of planting and again at 40 days after planting (DAP). Observations on termite damage to setts were recorded at 30 DAP, while early shoot borer infestation was assessed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAP on a whole-plot basis. Yield-contributing parameters, juice sucrose content, and cane yield were recorded at harvest. The results demonstrated that soil application of AC 01 (0.4% GR) at 75 g a.i./ha at planting and again at 40 DAP significantly reduced termite damage (4.00%) and early shoot borer incidence (20.58% deadhearts), resulting in a higher cane yield (92.17 t/ha) compared to the untreated control (52.52% deadhearts; 19.91% termite incidence; 69.33 t/ha). The performance of AC 01(0.4%GR) was comparable to that of
the market sample of chlorantraniliprole 0.4 GR (COVER) at 75g a.i./ha and fipronil 0.3 GR at 100g a.i./ha No phytotoxic effects were observed, even at four times the recommended dosage.

This study examined the role of WhatsApp as a communication tool among livestock farmers in
Dharmapuri focusing on its effectiveness in enhancing information sharing and decision-making. A total of 1,546 farmers participated in 12 dedicated WhatsApp groups with 100 farmers selected for detailed analysis over six months, resulting in 40 queries primarily concerning large ruminant health, disease management, and reproduction. WhatsApp emerged as the preferred method for information gathering, facilitating timely responses from agricultural experts and fostering a sense of community among farmers. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dharmapuri established these groups to provide expert advice and technological insights, particularly during adverse weather conditions when in-person visits were impractical. Most queries were related to crossbred cattle management with significant interest in low cost feed options for goats. Farmers utilized various communication methods including text voice messages and images to effectively convey their issues. Overall, WhatsApp has proven invaluable for knowledge exchange and the development of sustainable livestock management practices, bridging information gaps and promoting agricultural innovation, thereby enhancing farmer engagement and enabling efficient data generation for agricultural scientists.

The research explores the economic and resource use patterns of groundnut cultivation among farmers adopting and not adopting sprinkler irrigation in Gujarat\’s Sabarkantha, Mehsana, and Patan districts. A total of 99 adopters and 105 non-adopters were selected through a multistage sampling method, wherein blocks and villages were chosen based on the concentration of adopters, and within the villages farmers were randomly sampled. The study revealed that farmers who adopted sprinkler irrigation incurred lower labour costs and achieved higher yields compared to non-adopters. The resource use pattern revealed that seed, machinery cost and labour cost were major contributors to total cost across both the categories. The returns over variable cost (ROVC) were ?77,681.83 per hectare for adopter and ?69415.26 per hectare for
non-adopter for all three districts. The benefit-cost ratios were 1.85 for adopter and 1.73 for non-adopter for all three districts. These findings display that adopter achieved higher profitability in groundnut cultivation. The payback period for investment in sprinkler irrigation ranged from 2 to 3 years, compared to its 10-year operational lifespan across all districts. Regression analysis using the power function showed that seed, fertilizer, pesticide, and machinery costs significantly influenced output for adopters, while fertilizer, machinery, and labour costs were key factors for non-adopters. This suggests underutilization of these inputs, indicating potential for increased usage to enhance returns. The study concludes that adopting sprinkler irrigation improves yield and boosts profitability in groundnut cultivation. It recommends strengthening efforts to promote micro-irrigation through training, subsidy awareness, and demonstrations.

The study was conducted in the Srinagar district of Jammu and Kashmir (UT) to assess the constraints faced by rainbow trout fish farmers in the adoption of improved fish farming practices. The data were collected from randomly selected 53 fish farmers with the help of pre-tested interview schedule. The collected data were classified, tabulated and statistically analyzed. The findings revealed that majority of the fish farmers were under the middle age group (47.17%), educated up to a higher secondary level (41.51%), male (83.02%), married (83.02%), fish farming experience as medium (49.06%) and under high income group (60.38%) Further, results revealed that constraints like lack of quality fish seed availability was (technological constraints) perceived by 81.13 per cent fish farmers, poor transport facility was (infrastructural constraints) perceived by 77.36 per cent fish farmers and high price of trout seed and feed was (economic constraints) perceived by 92.45 per cent fish farmers which were indicating the major barriers in adoption of improved fish farming practices by the farmers in study area.

A simple assay for the estimation of ethanol concentration is essential during the extraction of bioactive compounds in botanical research. This study presents an assay developed to measure ethanol levels in different extracted samples. Utilizing the boiling point properties of ethanol in conjunction with a hot air oven, the method is capable of determining a minimum standard alcohol content of 2% by volume, with a precision of ± 0.5%. This technique proves particularly advantageous for identifying ethanol that may have been inadvertently collected alongside the target compounds during the extraction process. Furthermore, this assay has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective, simple and accurate means of determining ethanol concentration in unknown solutions.

A study examined whether xylanase enzyme supplementation could improve performance in growing crossbred pigs fed diets with lower energy content. The experiment used eighteen crossbred pigs (Large White Yorkshire × local pig crosses), 4 months old, divided into three equal groups of six animals each based on average body weight. The pigs were fed according to BIS (2023) standards (18% crude protein, 3170 kcal ME/kg), with the following treatment groups: T0: Standard pig grower diet (Control), T1: Control diet with energy reduced by 100 kcal ME/kg (Negative control) and T2: Negative control diet supplemented with xylanase (100 g/t). The feeding trial was conducted for 60 days during which daily dry matter intake, weekly body weight changes and body weight gain were recorded. The results indicated no significant differences in body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or dry matter intake among the groups. The initial and final body weights were similar across all groups and the body weight gain remained consistent. Hence, the supplementation of xylanase did not significantly improve the growth performance in growing crossbred pigs.

Gladiolus is a highly popular ornamental bulbous plant, admired for its stunning spikes that bloom sequentially from the base to the top. Despite its vast potential, the crop\’s contribution to the international market remains limited, possibly due to inadequate post-harvest management. Enhanced vase life can be achieved by using certain vase solutions to improve their spike life. The study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of floral preservative chemicals on the vase life of cut spikes of Gladiolus cv. Arka Amar. A laboratory experiment was carried out at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Mysuru during November 2024, in a completely randomized design with two replications using T1-water (control), T2-sucrose 200ppm, T3-sucrose 200ppm+citric acid 200ppm, T4- sucrose 200ppm+citric acid 300ppm, T5-sucrose 200ppm+STS 200ppm, T6-sucrose 200ppm+STS 300ppm, T7- sucrose 200ppm+Al So 200ppm, T8-sucrose 200ppm+Al So 300ppm, T9- sucrose 200ppm+ GA  25ppm, T10- sucrose 200ppm+GA 35ppm. Results revealed that among the treatments studied, holding 3 solution containing Sucrose 200ppm+ Al So 200ppm has improved days for basal floret opening (5d),  vase life (11d), longer days for softening of lower floret in a spike (6days), more number of florets opened (10), maximum percentage of florets opening (88.15%), minimum transpiration loss and maximum water uptake followed by sucrose 200ppm with Ga @ 25ppm. Thus, Al So inhibit the microbial proliferation  in the solution and sucrose in providing energy source for florets opening. Upon visual scoring on appearance (8.5) and freshness (8.0) were observed for same treatment combination.

The Grand Naine banana comes under Musa acuminata (AA) is one of the most commonly cultivated bananas where color development is an important feature during ripening which is used to determine the quality of fruit for marketing. As calcium carbide and direct contact of fruits with ripening agents was banned due to its hazardous health effects by FSSAI, a further method for utilizing ethylene gas to commence ripening is used. Temperature and exposure time of ethrel is essential for the quality and longevity in storage of the fruits. The postharvest study was laid out in a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments viz., T1 – air tight chamber; T2 – zero energy cool chamber; T3 – cold chamber with seven replications. The fruits were exposed to ethrel treatment in three distinct temperature-controlled chambers over 24 hours after which the fruits were stored at the ambient condition to study the ripening behaviour. The various observations on shelf-life parameters and biochemical attributes were taken on alternate days from the 2nd day after treatment to the 8th day of storage. The sensory assessment was conducted on the exact day of complete maturation of fruits. Based on the summary findings of the research, we found that the physiological and shelf-life parameters of
fruits placed in zero energy cool chamber were found to be on par with that have been processed in cold chamber on the time of full maturity whereas the quality parameters were found to be preferable in fruits that have been handled in a zero-energy cool chamber in contrast to cold chamber. During banana harvest, zero energy cool chamber might be utilized as an alternative to a cold chamber for ripening operations in addition to the regular use of prolonging the durability of fruits and vegetables.

Lalit guava known for its distinct sweetness and vibrant red color is a favored variety among growers for its exceptional flavor and nutritional qualities. A field experiment was carried out during the year 2020–2021 on seven-year-old red guava trees at a farmer\’s orchard located in Semmangalam, Anathur, in the Villupuram district. The study aimed to identify the most suitable treatment for improving fruit quality in guava. The trial followed a Randomized Block Design with ten treatment combinations of T1 (Control),  T2 (Boric acid@ 0.4% + GA @ 150 ppm), T (Chelated Zinc @ 0.5% + GA @ 150 ppm %), T (Boric acid @ 0.4% + Chelated Zinc @ 0.5% + GA @ 150 ppm), T (Boric acid @ 0.4% + NAA @ 100 ppm), T 3 (Chelated Zinc @ 0.5% + NAA @ 100 ppm), T (Boric acid @ 0.4% + Chelated Zinc @ 0.5% + NAA @ 100 ppm), T (Boric acid @ 0.4% + SA @ 100 ppm) and T (Chelated Zinc @ 0.5% + SA @ 100 ppm), T 8(Boric acid@ 0.4% + Chelated Zinc @ 0.5% + SA @ 100 ppm).each replicated three times. For optimal quality parameters such as total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars, TSS/acid and minimal acidity, T (Boric acid @ 0.4% + Chelated zinc @ 0.5% + GA @ 150 ppm) exhibited superior results compared to the control. In contrast, T (Boric acid @ 0.4% + Chelated Zinc @ 0.5% + NAA @ 100 ppm) was found to be most effective in enhancing the ascorbic acid and pectin content when compared to the untreated control.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of micronutrients on growth and yield of marigold cv. Yellow Benz Tall during the year 2022-23 at the experimental farm of Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu to find out effect of various levels of micronutrients on marigold. The experiment included nine combinations of Fe and Zn micronutrient treatments with three replications, designed in Randomized Block Design. The treatments were viz., T [Control (75% N + 100% P + 75% K 1+ Nano N and Nano K)], T [T + 0.5% ZnSO ], T1 [T + 0.5% FeSO ], T2 [T1 + 0.5% ZnSO + 0.5% FeSO ],T3 [T1 + 0.25% Chelated Fe], T4 [T1 + 0.25% Chelated Fe + 0.5% ZnSO ], T5 [T1 + Nano Zn], T [T + 0.5% FeSO4 + Nano Zn], T6 [T1 + 0.25% Chelated Fe + Nano Zn]. The results revealed that crop responded
significantly to micronutrient application like plant height (72.24 cm), number of primary branches (16.09), number of secondary branches (60.36), number of nodes (30.68), internodal length (6.87 cm), stem girth (4.56 cm) and plant spread (63.17 cm2) and flowering parameters like days taken for flowering (27.20) shown earliness, duration of flowering (99.48 days), number of flowers per plant (56.39), single flower weight (14.03 g), flower diameter (10.05 cm) and yield parameter like yield per plant (593.36 g) with T (T + 0.25% Chelated Fe + Nano Zn). Foliar application of Fe and Zn improved growth and photosynthetic characteristics in marigold. It promotes nutrient availability and plant uptake, increase crop growth, yield and physiological characters, reduce dependence on costly chemical fertilizer inputs and minimize environmental risks. It is concluded that foliar application of micronutrients in combination of Fe and Zn enhanced growth, flowering and yield parameters.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant is often attacked by numerous insect pests which lead to severe crop loss. To reduce the crop loss naturally, plants have evolved with variety of defensive hormone namely jasmonic acid (JA) which protect the plants from the insect pests. A study was carried out at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi in 2023-24 to investigate the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on biochemical constituents such as phenol and tannin content in leaves of seed treated tomato. The experiment followed a Completely randomized design included nine treatments and three replications [T1 – MeJA at 0.5 mM, T2 – MeJA at 0.75 mM, T3 – MeJA at 1 mM, T4 – MeJA at 2 mM, T5 – MeJA at 2.5 mM, T6 – MeJA at 3 mM, T7 – Ethyl alcohol, T8 – UHSB – POP and T9 – Untreated control (Water)]. The results revealed that among treatments seeds treated with MeJA at 3 mM recorded highest phenol and tannin content as 4.86 and 2.85 mg/g, respectively which was statistically similar to MeJA at 2.5 mM concentration (4.76 and 2.78 mg/g, respectively) and lowest phenol and tannin content (2.72 and 0.91mg/g, respectively) was recorded in ethyl alcohol treatment. However, These results highlighted tomato seeds treated with methyl jasmonate has positive effect in increasing phenol and tannin content in leaves and potentially helps in inducing resistance in plants.

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture,
Mudigere during the year 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eleven treatments and three replications to evaluate growth, yield and quality parameters of chilli. Among the treatments, treatment (T ) which received 75 % RDNPK + CaNO @ 0.5 % +MgSO @0.4 %+ Azospirillum + PSB + KSB significantly recorded maximum plant height (84.02 cm), number of leaves per plant (288.58), plant spread (N-S) 61.58 cm, plant spread (E-W) 57.66 cm, number of primary branches per plant (9.37), number of secondary branches per plant (22.54), total number of branches per plant (31.91), leaf area per plant (8085.43 m2), fresh weight (251.08 g), dry weight(185.20 g), dry matter(175.82 g), Absolute growth rate(1.673 g/plant/day), crop growth rate(6.29 g/m2/day), net assimilation rate(0.0817 g/dm2/day), relative growth(0.0309 g/day), quality parameters like highest total chlorophyll content (2.24 mg/g), ascorbic acid content (154.69 mg/100 g) recorded in T11 . Significantly recorded maximum fruit length (11.53 cm), fruit diameter (1.82 cm), fruit pericarp thickness (2.49 mm), number of fruits per plant (234.98), average fruit weight (6.42 g), fruit yield per plant (796.1 g), Fruit yield per plot (19.91 kg), Fruit yield (29.50 t/ha) showed the better growth and quality parameters under 75 % RDNPK + CaNO @ 0.5 % +MgSO @ 0.4 %+ Azospirillum + PSB + KSB.

Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis), belonging to the Tiliaceae family, is a bushy plant adapted to the arid and semi-arid regions of India. Known for its hardiness, it thrives in diverse soil and climatic conditions where other fruit crops often fail. Phalsa fruits are valued for their exceptional medicinal and nutritional properties. Although traditionally propagated by seeds in India, the rapid loss of seed viability has made vegetative propagation a more reliable method, ensuring true-to- type plants and simplifying cultivation. An experiment conducted by the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, evaluated the impact of different potting media on the growth characteristics of phalsa cuttings. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that hardwood cuttings planted in a mixture of Soil + Farmyard Manure (1:1) exhibited superior performance, with the shortest number of days taken for sprouting (10.21), highest number of sprouts per cutting (6.60), number of leaves per cutting (8.74), leaf area per cutting (15.08 cm 2 ), length of longest root per rooted cutting (18.51 cm), survival percentage of rooted cuttings (70.78%), fresh weight of the roots (3.22 g) and dry weight of the roots (0.95 g).

This study was conducted to evaluate the qualitative changes in brown rice (IC-577410) during different processing treatments such as soaking, germination and fermentation. Soaking was carried out for 12, 24 h and germination for 24, 48, 72 h. Natural fermentation was carried out by microorganisms already present in the grain and with baker\’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for 12, 24, and 36 h interval. Dehulled rice that contains the embryo, endosperm and bran is called brown rice. Brown rice can be utilized as a functional meal and is an excellent source of nutrients as compared to the fantastic so white or polished rice. By the use of various processing treatments significant effect (p?0.05) observed on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown rice. Germination and fermentation help to enhance the nutritional profile of cereals and legumes by causing significant changes in chemical composition. Crude protein and crude fibre content increased by 11.94 and 17.04%, respectively but the crude fat content decreased by 8.24% after germination treatment. Total polyphenolic content (TPC) and
antioxidant activity increased significantly (p?0.05) by 58.08 and 77.62%, respectively during
germination treatment. After the fermentation treatment, crude protein content increased significantly (p?0.05) by 11% but the crude fat and crude fibre decreased by 4.12 and 3.41%, respectively. Bioactive components mainly total phenolic components (TPC) and anti-oxidant activity increased significantly (p?0.05) by 33.52 and 48.02%, respectively during the fermentation process. Therefore, it was observed that throughout the germination and fermentation treatments, there was a significant (P?0.05) increment observed in protein, total phenolic components, and antioxidant activity of brown rice.

Bush pepper propagation through cuttings often faces challenges in sprouting and growth, necessitating effective use of growth regulators to enhance establishment and productivity. Hence, the present study was carried out in Sirumalai, located in the Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu, over the period 2020-2022. The experimental setup followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), comprising 12 distinct treatments with three replications each. The findings indicated that treating with Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) at 1000 ppm notably improved the shoot growth characteristics. Specifically, it reduced the time required for sprouting (18.89 days), increased the sprouting percentage (78.64%) and improved the leaf area (104.03 cm²) at 180 days after planting (DAP). Furthermore, it promoted shoot height (34.96 cm and 42.77 cm), increased the number of leaves (4.48 and 9.51) and enhanced leaf dimensions (length: 6.40 cm
and 9.88 cm; width: 4.52 cm and 8.00 cm) at both 90 and 180 DAP. These results were statistically on par with the effects observed at a higher IBA concentration of 1250 ppm, whereas the untreated control exhibited the least favourable growth outcomes. In conclusion, this investigation identified IBA at 1000 ppm as the optimal treatment for promoting rooting, sprouting and overall growth performance in bush pepper cuttings.

An experiment on the effect of integrated nutrient management on the rhizome productivity of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) was conducted at a farmer\’s field in Vadapalani village, Erode district during 2022-2023. The research investigated how integrated nutrient management (INM) influences the growth performance of rhizomes in mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.). A total of 11 treatments used  in this experiments were as T1 – 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 5 t/ha+ Panchagavya @ 3%,T2 – 75% RDF + Groundnut cake @ (200 kg/ ha) + Panchagavya @ 3%,T3 – 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 5 t/ ha+ Vermiwash @ 10%,T4 – 75% RDF + Groundnut cake @ (200 kg/ ha) + Vermiwash @10%,T5 – 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 5 t/ ha+ Humic acid @ 0.2%,T6 – 75% RDF + Groundnut cake @ (200 kg/ ha) + Humic acid @ 0.2%,T7 – 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 5 t/ ha+ Amrit Pani @ 3 %,T8 – 75% RDF + Groundnut cake @ (200 kg/ ha) + Amrit Pani @ 3 %,T9 – 75% RDF + Vermicompost @ 5 t/ ha + Chitosan @ 0.1 %,T 10- 75% RDF + Groundnut cake @ (200 kg/ ha) + Chitosan @ 0.1 % and T11 – Control. The results demonstrated significant improvements across various growth parameters in treatments integrating organic and inorganic nutrient sources. Treatment T , comprising 75% RDF, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 and chitosan @ 0.1%, emerged as the most effective. It achieved the shortest sprouting duration (12.09 d), tallest plant height (124.39 cm), maximum tiller count (6.23 tillers/plant), the highest leaf count (21.85 leaves/plant), longest leaf length (73.27 cm) and the greatest leaf breadth (32.72 cm) and maximum pseudostem girth (11.26 cm). Additionally, T recorded the highest curcumin content (2.48%). These outcomes highlighted the synergistic benefits of combining organic and inorganic nutrient sources in promoting superior plant growth and rhizome quality.

The field experiment was carried out at KRCCH (Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture) Arabhavi, Karnataka during Rabi season of 2021and 2022 to investigate the comparative biological effectiveness of different modules against aphids and pod borer complex in Indian bean (Lablab purpureus L.). Among all the modules chemi intensive module (Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/l –Fipronil 5 SC @ 1ml/l – Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3ml/l – Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.2 g/l ) was most efficient in reducing aphid population after 10 days of second spray (0.45 aphids/plant) and it was followed by IPM module (Neem cake (1q/acre) – Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 4 ml/l – Difenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.5 g/l – Spinosad 45 SC@ 0.3ml/l with maize and coriander grown at the border of main crop) which recorded 4.64 (aphids/plant). Chemical intensive module was also effective in reducing pod borer infestation by recording lowest mean percent pod damage of 7.11 and was followed by IPM module which recorded 9.92 percent pod damage. The highest yield, 14.37 (t /ha) was recorded from chemiintensive module and IPM was next best module (13.40 t /ha). Additionally, highest B:C ratio (4.01) was found in chemi intensive module followed by IPM module (3.67). IPM module was found to be safe for predators (spiders and coccinellids) by recording highest number of natural enemies (3.29/plant and  3.47/plant, respectively) after two weeks of first day and fourth spray.

The need of today\’s world is enhanced production and quality of the crops in an eco-friendly manner. In the absence of complete host plant resistance in crops against insect pests, biological control forms a more sustainable and integral part of management ecosystem. Microbial biological control agents, especially entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), offer eco-friendly pest management solutions. Unlike other pathogens, EPF can infect pests upon contact with their propagules. However, environmental factors like temperature, UV light and pollutants often reduce the effectiveness of epiphytic EPF in the field. Endophytic EPF, residing within plant tissues, are gaining popularity for their resilience under adverse conditions. Hence, the research was conducted to observe the endophytic effect of native Beauveria bassiana UHSB-END1 against Spodoptera litura in cabbage. The bioassay investigations pertaining to both in-vivo and in-planta revealed that S. litura mortality peaked at 30 days after inoculation. Furthermore, larvae that consumed cabbage leaves colonized by fungi showed disrupted growth and abnormal developmental patterns, indicating a negative impact on their physiological development. By introducing this native biological product to control insect pests in cabbage habitats, it is possible to produce with minimal pesticide residue for commercial consumption while maintaining environmental integrity.

Asparagus setaceus, also known as Asparagus plumosus, is a popular cut filler due to its delicate, feathery foliage and versatility in floral compositions. However, its tender nature makes it prone to mechanical damage, pests, and diseases, which affect its post-harvest quality and vase life. Hence, the present study was conducted at the College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka, during 2018-2019 to device the methods of extending vase life of Asparagus setaceus using chemical preservatives. Uniform, pest-free foliages were harvested for quality assessment. To improve longevity, chemical preservatives were used to maintain freshness and enhance water uptake, thereby increasing market value. The study tested six treatments: distilled water (control), 10% sucrose + 100 ppm 8-HQC, 10% sucrose + 200 ppm 8-HQC, 10% sucrose + 25 ppm BA, 10% sucrose + 0.5% boric acid, and 10% sucrose + 25 ppm BA + 0.5% boric acid. The experiment was conducted under ambient conditions, assessing parameters such as initial fresh
weight, vase solution absorption, physiological weight loss, and vase life. Results revealed that the combination of 10% sucrose + 25 ppm BA + 0.5% boric acid (T6) resulted in the highest initial fresh weight, the greatest vase solution uptake, and the longest vase life (8.45 days). This treatment minimized weight loss and maintained the foliage\’s aesthetic quality. In contrast, treatments with distilled water or minimal additives showed shorter vase life and greater weight loss. The study concludes that the combination of 10 % Sucrose + 25 ppm BA + 0.5 % Boric acid effectively extends the vase life of Asparagus setaceus, making it a recommended preservative solution for the floriculture industry.

Chrysanthemum is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant widely cultivated in India for both cut and loose flower production. These flowers are highly prized for their diverse shapes, sizes, unique forms, and vibrant colours. Due to their early blooming nature, efficient propagation techniques, and ease of cultivation, they offer great potential for commercial farming. Their appealing characteristics make them a profitable choice for growers. A research study was conducted during 2024-25 at the experimental block of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot. The objective was to evaluate chrysanthemum varieties for loose flower production in the Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka. The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design with three replications, assessing
eight chrysanthemum cultivars Poorva White, Poornima White, Poornima Yellow, Solo White, Scent White, Samruddhi White, Scent Yellow, and Aiswarya Yellow, based on growth and flowering parameters. Among the cultivars, Poornima Yellow recorded the tallest plant height (69.33 cm), produced the highest number of flowers per plant (68.33), and yielded the most flowers per plant (620.20 gm). Solo White had the greatest number of primary and secondary branches (19.00 & 17.62) and showed extensive plant spread in both east-west (44.07 cm) and north-south directions (83.70 cm). Scent White recorded the highest individual flower weight (17.46 gm). The earliest flowering, at 50% bloom (88.33 d), was observed in Poornima White, while Aishwarya Yellow had the shortest flowering duration (33.38 d). Aishwarya Yellow also exhibited the longest shelf life (5.74 d), whereas Scent Yellow showed the highest chlorophyll content (62.36 SPAD). Based on the findings, Poornima Yellow, Scent White, and Solo White
were identified as the most suitable chrysanthemum cultivars for commercial cultivation in the Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka.

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) is an economically significant ornamental crop with diverse applications including cut flowers, loose flowers and potted plants. This study evaluated the growth and flowering performance of ten chrysanthemum cultivars under polyhouse conditions at the College of Horticulture, Bagalkot. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and data on key parameters such as plant height, spread, primary branches, stem girth, internodal length, flower count, flower diameter and ray floret dimensions were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results demonstrated significant variability among the cultivars. Bontempi excelled in vegetative growth, recording the highest plant height (122.42 cm), plant spread (NS: 21.84 cm, E-W: 22.83 cm) and flower production (16.42 flowers per plant). Big White stood out for its flower diameter (7.94 cm) and ray floret length (2.82 cm), while Hamilton showed excellent overall growth and floral traits, including plant height (120.78 cm) and ray floret width (1.8 cm). Cultivars such as
Arctic Queen and Champagne Yellow also displayed favorable characteristics, including floral quality and adaptability to polyhouse conditions. The findings underscore the influence of genetic potential and controlled environmental conditions on chrysanthemum performance. Cultivars like Bontempi, Hamilton, Arctic Queen, and Champagne Yellow emerged as highly suitable for commercial polyhouse cultivation due to their superior vegetative growth, flower quality and adaptability. This study provided valuable insights for optimizing chrysanthemum production under controlled environments to meet market demands.

Petunia hybrida is widely recognized as a valuable and aesthetically pleasing annual flowering plant, holds significant commercial value due to its extended flowering period, making it a popular addition to gardens. The study aimed to evaluate eight different Petunia hybrids in terms of vegetative growth, flower quality and yield. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design with three replications at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, UHS Bagalkot, Karnataka, during the 2024-25. The Petunia hybrids evaluated were White, Burgande, Stars Mixed, Red Star, Rose Star, Crimson Star, Bravo Mix, and Frost Blue. Significant differences were observed for all the parameters. The data revealed that hybrid Rose Star expressed highest plant spread in both direction E-W
(65.54cm) and N-S (68.55cm), number of flowers (64.55), number of flower buds (67.58), leaf area (12.03cm2) and chlorophyll content (26.96) followed by Burgande. Maximum plant height was recorded in Frost Blue (26.74cm) followed by Burgande and minimum in Red Star (21.58cm). More number of leaves observed in the Crimson Star (1097.93) and less in White (681.95). Longest peduncle length exhibited by the Frost Blue (3.84cm). Hybrid Burgande (16.10) recorded highest number of branches followed by Rose Star and lowest in Crimson Star (10.72). The largest flower diameter (8.59cm) and flower weight (3.02g) belongs to Crimson Star followed by Stars Mixed. Higher flower yield per plant was recorded in Crimson Star (140.50g) and lower in Red Star (82.63g). The hybrid Bravo Mix expressed lowest plant spread in both direction E-W (54.85cm)and N-S (60.57cm), flower diameter (5.79cm), leaf area (6.07cm2) and chlorophyll content (11.09). Minimum number of flowers (49.46), number of flower buds (51.74), peduncle length (2.60cm) showed in Stars Mixed. Thus, out of 8 hybrids screened, Petunia Rose Star found promising for this zone followed by Burgande.

Gladiolus, a widely cultivated ornamental crop is valued for its vibrant spikes and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions. This study evaluated eight gladiolus varieties: Punjab Hybrid, Joshka, Chandavar, Punjab Dawn, Punjab Home, Souvik Biscuits, Pusa Suhagin and Arka Naveen under open-field conditions in the Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka. The experiment, conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, assessed key growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf area, along with floral traits including spike number, spike length, rachis length, floret count and floret diameter. Significant variability was observed among the varieties for all parameters. Arka Naveen recorded the tallest plants (96.4 cm) and largest leaf area (131.84 cm²), while Souvik Biscuits exhibited the highest number of leaves (12) and longest leaves (53.6 cm). In floral traits, Punjab Hybrid achieved the highest spike production (2.28 spikes per plant) whereas Souvik Biscuits recorded the longest rachis (42 cm). The maximum floret diameter (7.3 cm) was observed in Pusa Suhagin, highlighting its potential for aesthetic and commercial applications. The findings revealed substantial genetic variability among the gladiolus varieties, with Arka Naveen, Souvik Biscuits and Chandavar demonstrating superior growth and floral attributes. These results provide valuable  insights for breeders and cultivators, offering a foundation for selecting high-performing varieties suitable for ornamental and commercial purposes. The study underscores the potential for optimizing gladiolus production in agro-climatic zones like Karnataka.

Grapes (Vitis vinifera), a crop of immense global importance, are cultivated for various purposes, including fresh consumption and processed products. However, grape cultivation faces critical challenges from insect pests such as mealybugs (Maconellicoccus hirsutus), which cause severe yield and quality losses, increase pesticide dependence and contribute to  environmental degradation. Sustainable pest management strategies, such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi, has emerged as promising alternative to chemical pesticides, addressing these challenges while supporting eco-friendly agricultural practices. This study assessed the efficacy of endophytic Beauveria bassiana UHSB-END1, as a biological control agent against mealybugs in Thompson Seedless grapevines. Field experiment employed soil drenching, foliar sprays and combination of both treatments. The combination treatment having the highest efficacy of 96.79% reduction compared to untreated controls, while foliar sprays and soil drenching individually showed notable pest suppression. The integration of biological controls into pest management programs not only minimizes environmental impacts but also supports biodiversity and long-term vineyard health. To further enhance its applicability, optimization of B. bassiana formulations and delivery methods is recommended to ensure consistent performance across varying climatic conditions.

The present study was carried out in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka during the 2024–25 at the
Experimental Farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of
Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, to evaluate the performance of seven marigold varieties: M Yellow, Girland, Arka Pari, Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Basanti Gainda, Arka Shubha, and Arka Abhi. The trial followed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, and data were collected on various growth and quality parameters. Among the varieties assessed, Pusa Basanti Gainda demonstrated the best overall performance. It recorded the greatest plant height (86.67 cm), widest plant spread (East-West: 71.33 cm; North-South: 78.69 cm), and highest number of branches per plant (12.83). It also showed the maximum stem girth (25.75 mm), individual flower weight (8.85 g), and flower diameter (55.42 mm). Notably, it had the longest shelf life (5.50 days), enhancing its market value. These results indicate that Pusa Basanti Gainda is particularly well-suited for cultivation in the Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka, offering high potential for commercial floriculture in regions with similar climatic conditions.

A field experiment was conducted during 2023-24 at RHREC, Dharwad, Karnataka to study the bioefficacy and effectiveness of new alternatives of neonocotinoid insecticide molecules. Among the treatments, Flupyridifurone 200 SL @ 2.5 ml/l and Flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.4g/l proved highly effective in managing leaf hopper population by registering lowest mean number of leaf hoppers per 3 leaves (1.71 and 2.53, respectively) on 10 days after treatment imposition with highest percent suppression in population over control (84.29 and 76.75, respectively). With respect to whiteflies, among the treatments, Flupyridifurone 200 SL @ 2.5 ml/l and Flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.4g/l proved highly effective in managing whiteflies population by registering lowest mean number of whiteflies per 3 leaves (1.53 and 1.74, respectively) on 10 days after treatment imposition with highest reduction in population in terms of percent over control (83.45 and 81.24, respectively). Further because of lower pest load in Flupyridifurone 200 SL @ 2.5 ml/l and Flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.4 g/l treatment, which led to lesser damage with higher mean economic yield (11.08 t/ha and 10.76 t/ha respectively). Overall, chemical management by Flupyridifurone 200 SL @ 2.5 ml/l also Flonicamid 50 WG @0.4 g/l were most effective
against leafhopper and whiteflies management with highest cost: benefit ratio of 2.60 and 2.90
respectively. The outcomes suggested that the present neonicotinoid insecticide were effective
alternatives over conventional insecticides in formulating improved pest management strategy against sucking pests in okra.

The present study was conducted during the year 2023-24 to evaluate the effects of a Farmer Field School (FFS) on scientific dairy farming . The findings of the study revealed that the mean knowledge and adoption index were 97.57 and 82.56 per cent, respectively for the trained dairy farmers under FFS, while the corresponding values for pre FFS were 46.36 and 31.31 per cent, respectively. The overall impact of the FFS was observed to be 51.23 per cent regarding the existing knowledge and adoption after attending the FFS indicating a significant enhancement compared to the pre-FFS for various dimensions of improved dairy farming practices following the intervention. The mean milk yield recorded for cows and buffalo was 13.49±0.39 and 11.40±0.34 kg per day, respectively, after technological interventions in the farmer field school. This represents an increase compared to traditional dairy farming, which yielded 10.88±0.54 and 9.17±0.41 kg per day, respectively. The increase in milk yield for cows and buffalo was found to be 23.99 and 24.32 percent, respectively, following the implementation of FFS over the traditional system. The study indicated that the FFS model was the most suitable extension tool for
enhancing milk production. This approach is expected to contribute not only increase in quality milk production but also to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of the dairy farmers.

The Colletotrichum capsici incited anthracnose/fruit rot posing a serious threat to commercial chilli production in India. In the present study, the fungal endophytes from chilli were explored in effort to combat the pathogen. 19 endophytic fungal isolates isolated from leaf, stem and root of healthy chilli plant exhibited antagonistic activity against C. capsici in dual culture assay under in vitro. Among them endophyte, UHSFS5 demonstrated the highest pathogen mycelial inhibition (74.68 %). Based on the cultural and morphological characteristics UHSFS5 was identified to be belonged to Aspergillus genus. Upon its accurate molecular identification, pathogenicity and enumerating its efficacy in pot and field and accurate molecular identification it may be employed to combat the chilli anthracnose disease.

Okra is grown all over the world during spring-summer season. Estimations based on interrelations among yield related characters are crucial in order to understand the selection process ultimately improving yield during breeding programme. Therefore, the present research was undertaken during Kharif 2019 using 26 different cultivars to examine the degree to which various yields and its linked traits are related to one another at the H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar (Garhwal) Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand. The data regarding correlation study revealed that the at both the phenotypic as well as genotypic levels, the average weight of fruit, fruits per plant, petiole length, diameter of fruit, seed index, length of fruit and moisture content were all significantly and positively associated with yield. Whereas, pedicel length, length of leaf, epicalyx segments, chlorophyll content, plant height, nodes at first flowering, internodal length, number of ridges per fruit, primary branches per plant, days taken to first fruit harvest, days taken to first flowering and days taken to first fruit set showed negative correlation. Finally, it might be summed up that the selections based on positively associated traits might prove to be
more advantageous during mapping out the selection processes in crop improvement plans in okra.

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) a popular cut flower from the Asteraceae family, whose cultivation in semi-arid regions diversifies income and offers profitable market opportunities, enabling scientists develop techniques suited to these conditions. Although, flower production in northern part is limited compared to southern parts of the state, it still contributes to the sector, especially as floriculture gaining traction. The present study was conducted to assess vegetative and flower characteristics of seven gerbera varieties (Intense, Chique, Camilla, Sam Dom, Ritmo, Beaker and Ankur) with three replications using Randomized block design (RBD) at the College of Horticulture, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka under polyhouse conditions. Results showed that vegetative characters like plant spread (63.89 cm), leaf length (30.03 cm) and leaf breadth (16.40 cm) was highest in the variety Intense. Plant height (54.20) was highest in Chique, maximum no of leaves per plant was produced by Beaker  (28.17). Pertaining to flower characters, the maximum number of flowers per plant per month (3.93), stalk girth (6.30 mm) and flower diameter (11.3 cm) was highest in Intense. Stalk length (58.5 cm) was greater in Chique and maximum flower weight in Sam Dom (10.83 g). Hence, it was observed that the variety Intense performed best for most of the characters followed by Chique, Ankur, Ritmo, Camilla, Sam Dom and least by Beaker. In conclusion, the study identifies \’Intense\’ as the most promising gerbera variety for semi-arid polyhouse conditions in northern Karnataka, demonstrating superior vegetative and floral traits compared to the other varieties tested.

Pre-harvest bagging practice enhances harvest timing, minimizes insect infestations, reduces chemical residues, and supports organic cultivation. A study was carried out at the Instructional Farm of UBKV, Pundibari to evaluate the effects of bagging on three litchi cultivars (Calcuttia, Elaichi, and China) using six coloured bags (transparent, yellow, green, blue, red, and black with 5% perforations) and an unbagged control in a factorial randomized block design with four replications. The Elaichi cultivar showed the best performance with reduced fruit drop (27.71%) and maximum fruit retention (64.70%). Unbagged fruits had the highest cracking rate (5.47%) and infestation (10.76%), while bagged fruits were free from these issues. Blue-coloured bags yielded the best results, achieving maximum fruit weight (17.38 g), diameter (3.11 cm), length (3.78 cm), juice yield (7.73 ml), TSS (21.04 °B), total sugar  (16.31%), reducing sugar (13.74%), ascorbic acid (32.01 mg/100 g), and anthocyanin content (29.22 mg/100 g). Bagging proved effective in improving fruit quality and reducing losses, particularly during the rainy season.

An investigation was conducted to assess the impact of rootstock selection and cane regulation on the organoleptic characteristics of wine in the semi-arid region of Karnataka. The study was carried out during 2022-2024 at the Main Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, Bagalkot, using a split-split plot design with two rootstocks (R?: Dogridge and R?: 110 R), five grape varieties (V?: Cabernet Sauvignon, V?: Medica, V?: Shiraz, V?: Sauvignon Blanc and V?: Chenin Blanc), and three cane  regulation levels (C?: control, C?: 36 canes/vine and C?: 24 canes/vine). Organoleptic properties,including appearance, aroma, taste, and overall acceptability, were evaluated using a 20-point hedonic scale over two years and pooled data. Results revealed significant differences among treatments. Rootstock R? consistently recorded higher scores across all organoleptic parameters, with pooled appearance and aroma scores of 17.90 and 18.16, respectively, compared to R?. Among varieties, V? exhibited superior performance, with the highest pooled appearance (17.47) and aroma (17.31) scores, followed by V? and V?. Cane regulation influenced appearance but had a non-significant effect on aroma,
with C? recording the highest pooled scores for appearance (15.78) and aroma (16.13). Interaction effects were significant, with the combination R?V?C? achieving the highest scores for both appearance (20.68) and aroma (20.05). The findings demonstrate that rootstock 110 R, Medica variety, and a 24-cane regulation approach significantly enhance the sensory quality of wine in semi-arid conditions. These results emphasize the importance of integrating rootstock selection and cane regulation to optimize wine quality. The study provided valuable insights for viticultural practices in similar agro-climatic regions, contributing to sustainable and high-quality wine production systems.

The present experiment was carried out at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot during the year 2023–2024. The study tested three fertilizer levels (F : 20:40:40 g NPK/plant/year, F : 30:60:60 g NPK/plant/year and F : 40:80:80 g NPK/plant/year) and three spacing  configurations (S : 1.5 x 1.2 m, S : 2.0 x 1.5 m and S : 2.5 x 1.8 m), resulting in nine treatment combinations, each replicated thrice in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Fertilizers were applied at four intervals (May, July, September and November) using urea, diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash as sources of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash respectively. Quality attributes were measured at 240 days after treatment imposition. The results indicated that the combination of S and F (spacing of 2.0 x 1.5 m and fertilizer level of 40:80:80 g NPK/plant/year) resulted in the highest flower diameter (17.00 mm), bud diameter (11.32 mm), corolla tube length (2.44cm), single (1.10 g), ten (11.0 g), fifty (50.0 g) and 100-flower bud weight (100.01 g) and flower bud shelf
life (2.90 days). On the other hand, the lowest values for these traits were observed in the S F treatment combination (spacing of 1.5 x 1.2 m and fertilizer level of 20:40:40 g NPK/plant/year), with flower diameter (13.41 mm), bud diameter (7.98 mm), corolla tube length (1.94 cm), single (0.79 g), ten (7.9 g), fifty (46.1 g) and 100-flower bud weight (92.11 g) and flower bud shelf life (1.70 days). The study concluded that the ideal combination of spacing S and F proved to be highly beneficial for producing top-quality flower buds in Pinwheel flowers. Hence, can be recommended to the growers for ensuring superior flower quality.

The highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits has experienced a substantial rise, largely due to their nutritional and medicinal qualities. Propagation through in vitro culture has been considered the most effective method for a rapid increase of disease-free propagules on a year-round basis. This study was focused on the establishment of a high-efficiency in vitro tissue culture and rapid propagation technology system by using blueberry leaves and nodal segment. The experiment included a  comparative analysis of WPM (Woody Plant Medium) with different growth hormones. For callus induction, leaf explants were cultured on WPM enriched with different combinations of BAP (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) and/or 2,4-D (1.0, 1,5 and 2,0 mg/l) , as well as WPM with Zeatin (ZT) (0.1 to 0.5 mg/l. ) alone. The comparative analysis for callus induction was ranged from 50 to 100 per cent. The formulation of WPM with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L 2,4-D achieved a full callus formation (100 %). For shoot induction, these Calli were transferred to a shoot induction medium provided with BAP (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) and/or 2,4-D (1.0, 1,5 and 2,0 mg/l) , as well as WPM with Zeatin (ZT) (0.1 to 0.5 mg/l) separately. The nodal explants were also used for the shoot induction by culturing them on WPM provided with ZT
(0.1 to 0.5 mg/l). Successful shoot formation (93.3 %) was observed on WPM with ZT at 0.5 mg/l.

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a perennial nut crop, extensively cross-pollinated and
heterozygous, therefore seedlings cannot be utilized for commercial planting. However, rootstock can be generated from seed nuts and used for grafting by a preferred cashew variety. Because of its perennial nature, this crop will require a lengthy breeding cycle to produce any unique features. As a result, interstock grafting technology represents a fresh way to grafting success and producing unique features in cashews. With this background, we conducted a study on inter-stock grafting with various dwarfing scion materials as inter-stock scions with a desirable variety in nursery trials across two seasons (October and April) to determine the survival percentage for future research. Three different inter-stock scions (Nethra Vaman, Taliparamba, and V-7) were employed with two commercial types (V-4 and Bhaskara), and dwarf trait and other growth parameters were measured. Grafting success rates ranged from 40 to 96.67 percent
during 2022-23 and 63.33 to 100 percent during 2023-24. Across various grafting seasons. Grafting in April had a better survival rate than grafting in October, and V4 variety had a higher success rate than Bhaskara among different interstock grafting.

Two experiments were conducted on the influence of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana UHSB-END1 (University of Horticultural Sciences Bagalkot – Endophytic1)on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during December 2023 to May 2024 at the vegetable science block, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. The experiment I was laid out in a completely randomized design having five treatments (T1 – Soaking seeds for 2 hrs, T2 – Soaking seeds for 6 hrs, T3 – Soaking seeds for 12 hrs, T4 – Soaking seeds for 24 hrs, T5 – Control) with four replications. The experiment II was laid out in randomized complete block design having ten treatments (T1 – Seed  treatment, T2 – Seedling root dip, T3 – Soil drenching, T4 – Foliar spray, T5 – Seed treatment + Seedling root dip + Soil drenching, T6 – Seed treatment + Seedling root dip + Foliar spray, T7 – Seed treatment + Soil drenching + Foliar spray, T8 – Seedling root dip + Soil drenching + Foliar spray, T9 – Seed treatment + Seedling root dip + Soil drenching + Foliar spray, T10 – Control) with three replications. The experiments were conducted to study the impact of B. bassiana UHSB-END1 on growth and development of tomato seedlings and fruit yield. The result showed that the seeds soaked with B. bassiana for 12 hrs (T3 ) showed the best results. They had a 100 per cent germination rate and seedling survivability with desirable seedlings length and seedling dry matter in experiment I. The highest plant height (48.92, 57.30, 63.82 and 67.34 cm) and leaf chlorophyll (52.51, 50.52, 39.82 and 29.04 SPAD) content showed in the treatment T7 – seed treatment + soil drenching + foliar spray and total dry matter (3878.33 kg/ha) at final harvest, leaf area (29.75, 32.87, 35.04 and 35.50 cm2) in the treatment T6 – seed treatment + seedling root dip treatment + foliar spray at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at final harvest of tomato respectively. The maximum yield attributes like fruit volume (67.34 cm3), fruit diameter (69.17 mm) and fruit weight (70.23 g), the highest yield per ha (56.32 t) showed notable results in the treatment T6 – seed treatment + seedling root 6
dip treatment + foliar spray were observed in experiment II.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop known for its high-quality oil (48-55%) and nutritional value, making it a key agricultural commodity globally. However, its production is constrained by various biotic stresses, including fungal, bacterial and phytoplasmal diseases like  Alternaria leaf spot, stem and root rot, powdery mildew, Cercospora leaf spot, bacterial blight and  phyllody. Among these stem and root rot caused by  Macrophomina phaseolina attributes significant yield losses. This soil-borne, saprophytic pathogen affects all parts of the plant and is challenging to manage due to its ability to survive in the soil as sclerotia. Hence, the current investigation examined the effects of using botanicals, bioagents and fungicides to assess their effectiveness in disease management. Field experiments during Kharif 2024 demonstrated that soil application of T.harzianum enriched with Neem
cake and FYM @ 1:20:250 kg/ha + seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/kg of seeds followed by spray of (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25 %) 75% WG @ 0.5g/l at 45, 60 and 90 DAS resulted in the lowest stem and root rot incidence (14.94 %) and highest yield (8.74q/ha) which was significantly superior to other scheduled combinations. The lowest yield of 3.42 q/ha and maximum stem and root rot incidence of 38.82 per cent was recorded in untreated control. Thus explore the integrated approaches for  the management of diseases an experiment was conducted with different treatments against the control of M. phaseolina causing stem and root rot in sesame.

Downy mildew is destructive and yield limiting disease in grapes incited by a biotrophic fungi
Plasmopara viticola. Owing to aggressive virulence in pathogen the development of resistance against the fungicides is early. To cater this need, efforts were made to evaluate newer fungicides against grape downy mildew during two seasons (rabi/ summer 2021-22 and 2022-23), at college of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka. Of the different treatments in both seasons the combi fungitoxicant,  mandipropamid and zoxamide revealed lowest disease index (DI) of 13.02 per cent and 12.70 per cent with higher grape yield of 18.07 t/ha and 19.05 t/ha, respectively. Thus, this combi fungicide may be included in integrated downy mildew management schedule in grape cultivation.

The tomato late blight incited by Phytophthora infestans is yield limiting disease in tomato which is threatening global food security leading to sudden disease outbreaks and severe crop losses due to distinct evolutionary nature of pathogen. The genetic resistance in host and conventional fungicides resulted in  limited management of this disease. Hence, the efforts were made to evaluate newer fungicides against late blight in field conditions for two successive seasons i.e., kharif 2019 and kharif 2020. Of the various fungicides, the combination fungicide, Famoxadone 16.6 % + Cymoxanil 22.1 % – 38.7 SC @ 1.0 ml/l resulted in least disease severity of 11.06 per cent and 10.68 per cent during first and second season respectively. The Azoxystrobin 8.3 % + Mancozeb 66.7 %, 75 WG @ 3g/l noted with 12.35 per cent and
11.68 per cent of disease severity in first and second season respectively. Consequently, Azoxystrobin 23 % SC @ 1 ml/l exhibited 19.55 per cent and 18.11 per cent of disease severity in first and second season respectively. Hence, the targeted approach ensures that new fungicide molecules with higher efficacy and safer residue levels are effective at managing tomato late blight disease outbreaks, reducing overall fungicides use and costs and improving tomato farming.

This paper presents two post-partum total uterine prolapse in 3 and 4 years old pluriparous non-descript goats and its successful management. On gross examination, the uterine mass was found to be hyperemic, swollen, and soiled with intact fetal membranes in Patient 1 and without fetal membranes in Patient 2. Both cases were presented within 8 hours after parturition. Administered epidural anaesthesia using 2% lignocaine, the prolapsed uterine mass was washed with potassium permanganate solution, hypertonic salt solution (to reduce the edema) and the prolapsed uterus was repositioned back into the pelvic cavity. The vulval retention sutures were placed to avoid reoccurrence. Broad spectrum antibiotics (Amoxycilln cloxacillin), anti-inflammatory, antihistamines, calcium borogluconate, supplements and supportive fluid therapy were administered for five days. The vulval sutures were removed after 7 days and the
patients recovered uneventfully.

The experiment aimed to study the physiological characteristics of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at  College of Horticulture Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. During 2024, the pathogen was cultured in 40 ml of potato dextrose broth and its dry mycelial growth was recorded over 20 days at two-day intervals. The highest mycelial growth was recorded on the 12th day after incubation (DAI) with a dry weight of 284.7 mg, followed by the 10th day with 246.3 mg. The study also examined the pH effect on mycelial growth. The pathogen exhibited the highest dry mycelial growth at pH 6, with a weight of 362.3 mg, followed by pH 7, which showed a mycelial weight of 314.7 mg. The least mycelial growth was recorded at pH 10,
with a weight of 176 mg. Temperature also played a crucial role in the growth of C. gloeosporioides. The optimal temperature for the growth of C. gloeosporioides exhibited the highest mycelial growth at 25°C,  reaching 290.5 mg. The next most favourable temperature was 30°C, where the growth measured 214.3 mg. There was no growth observed at 40°C and 45°C. Therefore, the temperature range of 25 to 30°C was considered optimal for the growth of pathogen. The maximum growth (88.3 mm) under alternate cycles of 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of light, with excellent sporulation. It can be concluded that Colletotrichum gloeosporioides exhibits its highest growth potential at pH 6, 25°C and under alternate cycles of 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of light.

The present study was undertaken to screen various bitter gourd genotypes for resistance against downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis under natural field screening conditions. The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with two replications during the 2022–23 season evaluating 75 genetically diverse bitter gourd genotypes including commercial varieties and improved lines. None of the genotypes showed complete resistance to the pathogen. The percentage disease index (PDI) observed under natural conditions ranged between 23.98 to 86.77 per cent. The results indicated that the minimum percent disease index (PDI) of 23.98 per cent was recorded in genotype Green Long followed by 29.46 (IC470565), 34.22 (IC68335), 36.09 (PVIG-2) and 37.33 (IC467681) suggesting moderately resistant to downy mildew. The maximum PDI was recorded in the genotype Kashi Mayuri with 86.77 per cent  followed by 86.14 (MC-3), 86.10 (Hirkani), 82.33 (UHSB-025) and 82.28 (IC113875) genotypes were found to be susceptible to downy mildew under field conditions. Thus, the identified bitter gourd genotypes can be used for further breeding programme for the development of new bitter gourd hybrids (or) varieties with downy mildew resistance.

Kokum is an important underutilized crop native of the Western Ghats in India which is greatly affected by fruit flies which can cause significant damage to kokum fruits, impacting production and potentially affecting the livelihoods of farmers who rely on this crop. Hence, investigations were undertaken at the Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture, Sirsi, Uttara Kannada (Karnataka) during 2021 and 2022 to comprehend the biology of Bactrocera caryeae (Kapoor) on Garcinia indica and Garcinia morella under laboratory condition. The facts on comparative biology of B. caryeae on G.indica revealed the average egg period (1.57 and 1.65 d), larval period (11.15 and 11.47 d), pupal period (12.90 and 12.60 d), male longevity (19.90 and 18.85 d), female longevity (23.10 and 23.05 d), fecundity (183.50 and 182.3 eggs) and total life cycle (25.62 and 25.72 d) during 2021 and 2022. Similarly, in G. morella the average egg period (3.05 and 2.87 d), larval period (12.82 and 12.62 d), pupal period (11.85 and 11.85 d), male longevity (18.85 and 18.90 d), female longevity (21.65 and 21.25 d), fecundity (133.7 and 130.80 eggs) and total life cycle (27.72 and 27.35 d) during 2021 and 2022. The present study provided valuable insights into the comparative biology of Bactrocera caryeae on Garcinia indica and Garcinia morella, highlighting significant variations in developmental parameters and reproductive potential. These findings can aid in devising targeted management strategies to mitigate fruit fly infestation in kokum cultivation.

Tuta absoluta Meyrick, commonly known as the South American tomato leaf miner (SATLM), has emerged as a highly destructive insect pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) across the globe, including in India. Field studies were conducted against SATLM in two districts of Karnataka during Rabi 2019-20 to understand the extent of damage potato foliage. Mean percent infestation of SATLM and number of mined leaves per plant (4.47% and 8.31) in Kolar district and 2.51 percent with 2.95 mined leaves per plant was observed in Chikkaballapur district. Number of mines per plant was observed lowest (5.09) in Kolar and highest of 5.24 mines per plant was witnessed in Chikkaballapur district. The observed damage parameters showed no significant variation across the surveyed villages and taluks of the Kolar district whereas; it was significantly differed in percent SATLM incidence and all the damage parameters in Chikkaballapur district. In recent years, rising temperatures caused by climate change have led to an  increase in the occurrence of SATLM, a trend expected to continue. As a result, developing control technologies and strengthening intensive monitoring will be essential to ensure stable potato production
and maintain quality after harvest.

Kokum (Garcinia indica) is an under utilized fruit crop native to the Sahyadri mountain range valued for its health benefits and applications in various industries. Despite its potential, Kokum cultivation faces challenges such as low yield and sub-optimal fruit quality. This investigation undertaken at Sahaja Farms, Kokada in the Uttara Kannada district during the 2022–2023 cultivation cycle explored the modulatory effects of gibberellic acid (GA ) and brassinosteroids (BRs) on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of Kokum fruit. Employing a Randomized Block Design encompassing nine different treatments with triplicate replications, the study discerned that foliar administration of BR at 1 ppm synergized with GA 3 at 100 ppm (T ) elicited remarkable augmentation in fruit biometrics in achieving a mass of 35.37 g, a length of 4.23 cm, a circumference of 12.60 cm, and an elevated productivity yield (42.60 kg/tree). Additionally, T (BR @ 1 ppm + GA @ 100 ppm) enhanced total soluble solids (15.65 ºbrix), titratable acidity (4.25 %), ascorbic acid content (9.96 mg/100 g), reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugar (5.98, 5.29 and 11.17 %) and anthocyanin content (2.37 g/100 g). The synergistic effects of BRs and
GA promoted cellular activities and biochemical efficiency, contributing to improved crop performance which highlighted the efficacy of BRs and GA in enhancing Kokum cultivation outcomes.