Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of novel insecticide, Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD 200, 250, 300, 400 g/ha along with two standard checks i.e., Lambda-cyhalothrin 4.9% CS and Fipronil 5% SC @ 2000 ml/ha against sap feeder insect pests infesting pomegranate at KVK, Jhalawar during the years 2021 and 2022. The pomegranate variety Sindhuri was transplanted in a Randomized Block Design with seven treatments with three replications. Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD was equally effective @ 400 and 300 g/ha to control major sap feeder insects like aphid, thrips and whitefly on pomegranate crop and better than other standard treatments. The mean maximum yield of pomegranate was recorded in the treatment of Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD@ 400 g/ha which was 98.20 q/ha and 109.20 q/ha during respective year in comparison to control.

Bioindicator plants play a crucial role in environmental monitoring due to their sensitivity to various pollutants and environmental stresses. In this study, a comparative analysis of several biological parameters of two commonly used bioindicator plants, Amaranthus and Chenopodium was made. The aim was to evaluate their suitability for environmental monitoring and determine any significant differences between the two species. Amaranthus and
Chenopodium plants were grown under controlled conditions and exposed to varying concentrations of pollutants, including heavy metals and air pollutants. Several biological parameters, including growth rate, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activity, were measured and compared between the two species. The results indicated that both Amaranthus and Chenopodium exhibited sensitivity to the tested pollutants, as evidenced by changes in their biological parameters. Significant differences were observed between the two species in terms of their response to specific pollutants and their overall tolerance levels. For instance, Chenopodium showed higher tolerance to heavy metal stress, while Amaranthus exhibited greater sensitivity to air pollutants. Thus, it can be said that both Amaranthus and Chenopodium can serve as effective bioindicator plants for environmental monitoring purposes. However, the choice between the two species should be based on the specific pollutants and environmental conditions of the monitoring site. Further research is warranted to elucidate then underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed differences between these bioindicatorn plants and to refine their use in environmental assessment and management strategies.

The present study was carried out to investigate dietary diversity among urban as well as rural elderly. Two hundred elderly, 100 each from rural and urban  area, 60-80 years of age were selected from the Patiala district by random sampling. Food and nutrient related information were determined through a dietary survey using a questionnaire in which information regarding dietary habits and dietary patterns was collected. The results showed that the intake of cereals
(292 g), green leafy vegetables (42.74 g), milk and milk products (431.83 g), sugars (32.49 g) and fats and oils (39.82 g) was higher in rural men as compared to the urban men who had higher intake of other food groups i.e., other vegetables (81.36) and fruits (308.88 g). The mean dietary diversity score of urban elderly ranged between 7-10 for both men and women with the mean values of 7.92 and 7.98, respectively whereas the corresponding values for rural elderly ranged
between 6-10 in men and 5-10 in women with mean values of 7.64 and 7.48, respectively. The study concluded that there was a higher dietary diversity and food variety score with optimum mean adequacy ratio in the selected elderly population

In an intensive agriculture system introduction of both irrigation and fertilizer management at farmer\’s fields in Gadda Malliah Guda village, Yacharam Mandal of Ranga Reddy District in Telangana has contributed immensely to increase the yield and quality of crops. Micro irrigation technology has about 90 per cent irrigation efficiency compared to 40-60 per cent for surface irrigation systems. Water and nutrient supply to plants influence plant growth and yield. It has
been observed that fertigation leads to 25-40 per cent savings of fertilizer, increased returns and reduced leaching of the nutrients. Adopting micro irrigation cum fertigation leads to saving 20 to 40 % of water and 30% of fertilizers. Precise management of irrigation quantity along with the rate and timing of nutrient application are critical to obtain desired results in terms of productivity and nutrient use efficiency. In rain-fed areas where insufficient availability of water
is common, adopting micro irrigation systems with fertigation enhances productivity and reduces resource use, a scenario for better water resource management.

The goal of the current study was to provide farm women with technology tools to lessen their labour and increase their output. Three villages were selected purposively from Kurai block of Seoni district in 2020-23. A total of 80 farm women were selected using simple random sampling technique, out of them 15 viz., 5 from each village were participated in drudgery reduction intervention in three years. Data were collected by using an interview schedule that was pre?tested and self-organized. Additionally, field research was conducted to study women\’s agricultural activities. On comparing energy expenditure of farm women during performing decortications activities the average energy expenditure (KJ/min.) was 9.40 under recommended practices (RP) against 11.11 in farmer\’s practice (FP) and per cent reduction in energy was observed to be 15.33. Further, it was also found that average output (Kg/hr) of final product (decorticated seed/split) was11.03% from decorticator and the least output average viz.,2.75 per cent from farmers\’ practice.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of malic acid on haemato?biochemical and reproductive parameters of lactating Kankrej cows. Twenty-four lactating Kankrej cows (15 days post- partum) were assigned randomly into four groups (6 animals in each) and on the basis of their standard lactation milk yield of previous lactation and parity of animals. The four treatment groups were as T : Basal diet, in T , T and T groups basal diet was 1 2 3 4 supplemented with 30, 60 and 90 g/d of malic acid, respectively. The duration of experiment was of 120 days. The blood samples were collected at the end (on 120 day) of experimental feeding. The mean concentrations of haemoglobin, haematocrit, red and white blood cells count were comparable (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. The serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, ALT, and AST were not influenced (P>0.05) due to supplementation of malic acid. There was an increase (P<0.05) in serum glucose concentration (mg/dL) in T (78.17), T (79.83) and T (78.67) groups as compared to the T 2 3 4 1 (73.67) group. In reproductive parameters, the first heat after calving, services period and number of services per conception in malic acid supplemented groups showed improvement than the control. It may be concluded that malic acid supplementation in lactating Kankrej cows had beneficial effect on reproductive performance Moreover, dietary malic acid did not have any adverse effect on haemato-biochemical parameters of Kankrej cows.

An experiment entitled effect of pinching, GA and NAA on growth and flowering of fenugreek 3(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cv. Pant Ragini under Garhwal Hills was carried out during 2020-21 at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand with 18 treatments combination, comprising two seed soaking S (control) and S 0 1 (GA 50 ppm) with three stages of spraying of GA and NAA G (Control), G (GA 50 ppm) and 3 3 0 1 3 G (NAA 50 ppm) and three stages of pinching P (Control), P (Single pinching at 45 DAS) and 2 0 1  P (Double pinching at 60 DAS). These treatments were replicated thrice in factorial randomized 2 block design (FRBD) and analyzed. Treatment with seed soaking S (GA 50 ppm) and spraying 0 3 of plant growth regulators G (GA 50 ppm) recorded minimum days taken to first germination, 1 3 significant maximum plant height, number of primary branches and days to taken to first and 50 % flowering. Significant maximum plant height and days taken to first and 50 % flower inhiation were recorded with treatment P (control). Double pinching at 60 DAS (P ) recorded significant 0 2 maximum number of branches/plant and days taken to first germination.

An study was conducted by KVK, Bageshwar during 2021 at Sama village of Kapkot block of district Bageshwar to find out the suitability and efficacy of different crop regulating options of kiwifruit in farmer\’s perspective. The prime purpose of the study was to increase the yield of A grade fruits to maximize the returns. Four treatments (T1- No pinching and no use of plant growth regulators, T2- Pinching 20 percent growth at petal fall that continued till harvest at one month interval, T3- T2 + Fruit dipping at 20 days after full bloom in 50 ppm GA3 solution for 5 second,T4- T2 + Fruit dipping at 20 Days After Full Bloom in 50 ppm 2,4 D solution for 5 second) were applied for the assessment of various technologies. Pinching of 20 percent shoot growth at petal fall stage that continued till harvest at one month interval was found most appropriate. This practice gave 24 kg A grade fruits (>70 g) per vine, 17 kg B grade fruits (50-70g) per vine and 7 kg C grade fruits (<50 g) per vine, while the farmer\’s practice (no pinching) resulted in 6 kg A grade fruits (>70 g) per vine, 13 kg B grade fruits (50-70 g) per vine and 21 kg C grade fruits (<50 g) per vine. The total soluble solid content (TSS B) of fruits from pinching ° treatment was also higher (16.10 B) than the fruits from no pinching vines (14.95 B). Use of ° ° GA 3 (50 ppm) and 2,4 D (20 ppm) as fruit dip method at 20 days after full bloom (20 DAFB)
could not further increase the grade A and B fruit yield significantly over pinching alone. Thus, Pinching of 20 percent shoot growth at petal fall stage that continued till harvest at one month interval is recommended for obtaining maximum quantity of “A”grade fruits that will successfully compete in market for better price.

A field experiment was carried out at the Student\’s Research Farm, Khalsa College, Amritsar during Kharif season of 2022. The experiment consisted of ten treatments viz,T : Control, T : 1 2 Seed inoculation (Bacillus subtilis), T : Seed treatment with ZnSO @0.5%, T : Foliar 3 4 4 application of ZnSO @0.5%, T :Seed treatment with ZnSO @0.5% + foliar application of 4 5 4 ZnSO @0.5%, T : Seed treatment with ZnSO @1%, T : Foliar application of ZnSO @1%, T : 4 6 4 7 4 8
Seed treatment with ZnSO @1% + foliar application of ZnSO @1%, T : Seed inoculation 4 4 9 (Bacillus subtilis) + seed treatment with ZnSO @0.5% + foliar application of ZnSO @0.5%, T : 4 4 10 Seed inoculation (Bacillus subtilis) + seed treatment with ZnSO @1% + foliar application of 4 ZnSO @1% with four replications in RBD design.The results revealed that treatment (T ) i.e. 4 10 Seed inoculation (Bacillus subtilis)+ seed treatment with ZnSO @1% + foliar application of 4 ZnSO @1% recorded higher grain yield (37.6 q/ha), stover yield (70.5 q/ha), harvest index 4 (34.7%), zinc content in grains (40.7 mg/kg), zinc uptake by grains (153.0 g/ha), zinc content in stover (53.1 mg/kg), zinc uptake by stover (374.3 g/ha) than control and treatments where zinc was applied as seed treatment and foliar application. All these parameters were followed by T 9, T8 , T5 , T7 , T4 , T6 , T3 , T2 , T1 .

In order to evaluate effectiveness of scientific trainings on knowledge gain about milk processing, 60 farmers from on campus trainings were selected. Majority of trainees (46.67 %) were less than 30 years of age and 65 per cent trainees had annual income between 1-6 lakh. Significant increase in the proportion of correct responses given for different knowledge statements was observed. There was significant (P<.01) increase in knowledge index from 11.93 ± 1.54 before training to 54.53 ± 1.37 after training with a knowledge gain of 42.60 ± 1.42. Further, it was clearly seen that training interaction with mass media exposure and extension agency contact had significant impact on the scores obtained before and after training.

Paddy threshing is an essential part of harvesting in paddy production in which farm machinery plays a crucial role for efficient threshing, reduced threshing losses and improved threshing capacity. Traditionally, farmers often thresh paddy by hand beating using a stick, or hitting a punch of harvested paddy on a wooden log followed by hand beating with a locally evolved hand tool. In this study, three different paddy threshing methods, including conventional hand beating, cycle-type pedal-operated thresher, and foot-type pedal-operated thresher, were subjected to ergonomic measures such heart rate (HR), energy expenditure rate and overall discomfort rating (ODR). It was observed that energy demand and ODR are significantly high (P<0.05) in farmers in the case of conventional hand-beating paddy threshing method than in paddy threshing by cycle-type pedal-operated thresher, and foot-type pedal-operated thresher. It was noticed that mean working EER, mean energy expenditure, and mean working ODR decreased by 19.69 and 15.15 percent, by by 50 and 34.37 percent in case of paddy 38.72 percent and 26.66 percent, and threshing by cycle-type and foot-type paddy thresher respectively as compared to hand-beating
paddy threshing method with a significance level of P<0.05. The results suggested that cycle?type and foot-type paddy thresher gave better performance from ergonomics perspective as compared to traditional hand-beating method

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate of bio-efficacy of insecticides against cotton pink bollworm with 10 treatments and three replicates at Entomological Research farm, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur, during Kharif 2020-21. Nine molecules viz; imidacloprid 70% WG @ 50 g a.i. / ha, emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 200 g a.i. / ha, lambda cyhalothrin 4.9% CS @ 300 g a.i. / ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 200 g a.i. / ha, imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 200 g a.i. / ha, indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 500 g a.i. / ha, flubendiamide 20% WG @ 250 g a.i. / ha, chlorpyrifos 50% + cypermethrin 5% EC @ 1250 g a.i. / ha, Beta-cyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.8% OD @ 1250 g a.i. / ha were evaluated. Treatment chlorpyrifos 50% + cypermethrin 5% EC 1250 g a.i. / ha was found effectiveness against cotton pink bollworm and followed by beta-cyfluthrin 8.49% + imidacloprid 19.8% OD1250 g a.i. / ha.

Seed protectants made from chemicals are commonly used to manage pests in stored pulses. However, these chemicals pose risks to both living organisms and the growth of treated seeds. Therefore, using botanicals for seed treatment is important to ensure germination. Recent research has examined the effectiveness of cashew nut shell liquid as a seed protectant against bruchids. The study aimed to assess how cashew-based treatments affect the germination of treated seeds. Germination studies were conducted using DC-15 cowpea seeds at the soil and water testing laboratory of KVK, Kollam, during 2021-2022. All the cashew-based treatments resulted in higher germination percentages compared to untreated seeds. However, a slight decrease in germination was observed with higher concentrations of cashew treatments during the initial stages. Nevertheless, there were minor differences in germination parameters such as
seedling length, seed vigor index, and speed of germination among the treatments.

The study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of Channa striata during high?density farming in artificial tanks. The fish reached an average weight of 420.28± 30.5 g and a length of 35.07± 5.5 cm in 250 days when fed with a formulated diet. The total production was  235.5 kg from an area of 12.6 m during 250 days. The feed conversion ratio was 1.8, and the average production cost per kg was Rs.312/Kg. Though the ammonia level was as high as 9.6-11
mg/l, a higher survival percentage of 97 was recorded. The ability of Channa striata to overcome high ammonia levels and lower oxygen levels makes it compatible with high-density farming. It can also be farmed in artificial tanks. This fish can accept formulated feed during all stages of growth. Among the various issues reported by the farmers, marketability was the primary issue.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra Dindori adopted more than 30 villages in different years to enhance income of the tribal families through enhancing farm profitability, engaging rural youth and farm women in subsidiary occupations and imparting skills in agriculture. Keeping in view the above, 100 beneficiaries and 50 non-beneficiaries were selected in 10 villages during 2021-22. Data were collected on different aspects and scoring was done for comparing the impact of activities
in adopted villages. It was observed that a total of 48 per cent of respondents were young aged (up to 35 yrs) and 74 per cent the respondents were belonged to schedule tribe caste. Among them 55 and 48 per cent of the respondents were having secondary school education in both categories i.e., beneficiary and non-beneficiary respectively. Farming was main occupation and having medium technical orientation among beneficiaries; and low in non-beneficiaries. Majority of
them had small land holding in both categories, whereas 65 per cent have up to 5 cattle and 40 per cent had up to 2 cattle in non-beneficiaries. Majority (62 %) of beneficiaries were medium to high farming experience and 62 per cent non-beneficiaries had low net income. In respect to adoption of agricultural technologies, 55 per cent beneficiaries grouped in medium adoption level, however 64 per cent non-beneficiaries categorized into low adoption level. Overall adoption quotient found 74.6 and 32.72 for beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries respectively.

Moringa oleifera which widely used as vegetable in various part of world, is considered good not  only in terms of taste but in health also as it contains eight essential Amino acids and eighteen other amino acids required for the normal growth and development. Its antibacterial properties can protect us against various infections. Anaemia is a widely prevalent health problem among adolescent girls which is defined as low level of haemoglobin in the blood, mainly due to the iron deficiency. The study has been planned to highlight the impact of administration of Moringa oleifera leaves in malnourished adolescent girls and the socio demographic factors related to anaemia during 2020-21 in village Sultanpur of Harda district. Moringa leaf powder 20 g was incorporated in the daily diet of anaemic adolescent girls for the period of three months. A biochemical test (haemoglobin level) was done after the intervention. The positive impact of
Moringa was found after intervention that the average Hb level was increased from 10.8 mg/dl to 11.9 g/dl which shows 1.1% enhancement in Hb and BMI was also increased from 17.7 to 18.3.

A field study for the effect of mulch thickness on enhanced vegetative growth of khirni and microbial populations in soil cv. Thar Rituraj was conducted during the 2019–20 at the College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Among different thicknesses, application of T6–12 cm of dry grass to individual plants was significantly superior to all other treatments, but it was on at par with T5–10 cm thickness of dry grass. In treatment T6, an increase in shoot and leaf parameters, such as plant height (32.61%), petiole length (6.64%), leaf length (13.45%), leaf width (18.85%), leaf area (31.03%), leaf perimeter (18.92%), chlorophyll content (29.75%) and microbial populations Bacteria (×105 cfu/g soil) (4.35) and Fungi (×103 cfu/g soil) (3.10) recorded.

To realize the impact of field pea improved cultivar, integrated weed, nutrient and pest management techniques, Integrated Crop Management demonstrations were conducted in participatory mode in rabi season during four consecutive years from 2018-19 to 2021-22 at 100 farmers\’ fields located in fourteen randomly selected villages under five blocks of the district. Four years pooled data revealed that pods/plant under demonstration were 25.71 per cent more to that of farmer\’s practice. Grains/pod, pod length and test weight (1000 grain) were noted to be 8.7, 6.45 cm and 229.85g respectively in ICM demonstrations which were 30.83, 9.69 and 10.29 per cent higher over farmer\’s existing practice respectively. Average field pea yield under demonstrated plots was found to be 1956 kg/ha which was 28.43 per cent higher to that of farmers existing practice (1523 kg/ha). Four years economics of the technology demonstrations resulted Rs.21150/ha additional net return over the traditional farmers\’ practice. The adoption of ICM components of field pea, the revenue increased to a great extent and recorded 272.15 crores in 2021-22 with the additional revenue of Rs.137.38 crores in the district in comparison to that of 134.77 crores before technology dissemination in 2017-18.

Aphis craccivora Koch is a polyphagous aphid and a major pest of legume crops. The yield losses of broad bean due to Aphis craccivora Koch is huge. Field trials were conducted during two cropping seasons at Churachandpur district, Manipur to determine the effectiveness of two insecticides including yellow sticky trap in broadbean against A. craccivora population and  yield of broadbean. The population of the aphids were significantly reduced when the plants received Imidachloprid @ 0.4ml/l and Buprofezin 15% + Acephate 35% WP in broadbean. On the other hand, yellow sticky trap installed treatment significantly decreased the aphid population and increased yield against the untreated plot. The result of the study indicated that that neonicotinoid and organo phosphorus groups of insecticides can be used for management of Aphis craccivora population in broadbean against A. craccivora and increased the yield.

The tribal people as the dwellers of hills and forests have unproductive and uneconomic holdings, lack of irrigation facilities, traditional skills and primitive implements along with land alienation indebtedness. Their economy revolving around hunting, collecting, shifting  cultivation and plough work. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they
migrate to other occupations or other places in search of job. The present study was carried out with the objectives to analyse the nature of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non?agricultural activities. The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages, three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The result showed that majority (72.22 %) of the respondents had crop production as their primary traditional hereditary as well as farming (35.0%) as their primary occupation. On the basis of the study it is suggested that literacy level should be enhanced among the tribal people to increase their efficiency and better understanding of the scientific agriculture which can be implemented for checking mobility of the tribal people from agriculture to non-agriculture sector. There should be more investment and creation of  employment opportunity in agriculture sector to make it more remunerative which will also develop more number of entrepreneurs among tribal people.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT), including video resources, plays a crucial role in bridging this gap by enhancing access to innovative agricultural techniques. This study focused on assessing this effectiveness of instructional videos on tomato cultivation, aiming to ascertain farmers\’ opinion regarding different aspects of the video. A total of 160 respondents were selected for the study and the data were collected using a structured interview schedule. The videos covered key aspects of tomato cultivation, and farmers were asked to give their opinion based on accuracy, content coverage, relevance, clarity, and other criteria. Results indicated that the instructional videos were well-received, with 72.5 per cent of respondents rating them highly for accuracy, 75.0 per cent for content coverage, and 88.8 per cent for relevance. The positive opinion underscores the potential of video-based education in agriculture. The integration of such instruction videos can provide farmers with accessible, reliable, and comprehensive information, ultimately improving agricultural practices and outcomes.

The field study was conducted to assess the performance of fenugreek and Spinach varieties for leaf purpose under shade net condition in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu during 2023. In this study, fenugreek variety Ajmer fenugreek 5 and Spinach variety Arka Anupama along with local cultivars were evaluated under 50 % green agro shade net house. The earlier and uniform germination was observed in Ajmer fenugreek 5 (4.33 days) and Arka Anupama (6.80d) compared to local cultivar. Ajmer fenugreek 5 and Arka Anupama palak recorded better growth, leaf yield and quality. Ajmer fenugreek 5 recorded significantly higher plant height (21.82 cm) and leaf yield (0.98 kg/m ). Anupama Spinach recorded significantly higher plant height (30.54 cm) and leaf yield (4.16 kg/m ).

The Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Farmer Information Center Extension Model was established in December 2020. The objective of the study was to gather information from focus groups with stakeholders on the model\’s perceived strengths and limitations as well as appropriate corrective and developmental strategies. Using a purposive and random sampling technique, 220 respondents in total were selected, comprising 110 farmers who were beneficiaries (10 from each Farmer Information Center) and 110 farmers who were non?beneficiaries from villages near the Farmer Information Center ( FIC) . The study showed that 51 respondents (46.36%) preferred monthly visits. The majority of farmers (92.72%) had access to PAU Publications and 70.09 % had the benefit of seeds being available on time. Farmers had increasing benefits through the services provided under PAU-FIC Centres, over the span of years. The majority of the farmers were satisfied with the services provided at the FIC and the functioning of the FIC a good number of the demonstrations are been held in the FIC.

A study was undertaken in Ludhiana district of Punjab state to analyze the effect of different extension strategies in motivating families to plant and use medicinal plants for health care. Data were collected through observations and by personally interviewing the female head of the family. Beside recording observations at all stages, data were collected both before and after the interventions. It can be concluded that adoption status of selected medicinal plants changed significantly after intervention in all experimental groups. There was a significant difference in change in adoption status after the intervention between the experimental groups. ICT based media should be developed to enhance the planting and use of medicinal plants for health care.

Mushroom is rich source of protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and good for health which can play important role in mitigating the malnutrition amongst resources poor people especially remote areas. In Changthang region of Ladakh availability of fresh vegetable limited, thus cultivating mushroom in such harsh climate is big challenge. To fulfil the requirement of local people of Changthang KVK, Nyoma located at +14000 ft took initiative to design and assessed low-cost mushroom technology 14X3X8 ft size black plastic unit was made inside (already exist) local mud type greenhouse 32X 18 ft size for mushroom cultivation and utilized temperature and humidity of green house. In every single shift 15 mushroom bags can be installed and harvested 4 times @ 120 -128g bag and sold @320/-kg. The cost of cultivation including inputs and unit was only Rs 2000/- and got net return of 3760/- in 4 months with B.C Ratio 1.28, mushroom can grow in entire season if temperature of greenhouse remains optimum and increase net profit. Hence, this low-cost technology is not only a source of income generation for remote nomadic farmers of Changthang but also became a supplement for nutritional security and their socio-economic upliftment

Wearing high heels can pose several disadvantages, affecting both short-term comfort and long?term health. One of the most immediate issues is foot pain and discomfort, particularly in the balls of the feet and toes, due to the unnatural position heels force the feet into. This study examines the preferences, usage patterns, and ergonomic considerations of female consumers regarding heel designs. The survey reveals that the majority of respondents are young women aged 18-34, with students (48%) and professionals (32%) being the largest demographic groups. Heel usage varies, with 30% wearing heels occasionally and 5% daily. Medium heels (2-3 inches) are the most preferred for their balance of style and comfort, followed by low heels (1-2 inches). Block heels are favoured for their stability and comfort, while stilettos and strappy heels are associated with higher discomfort levels. The findings highlight a strong emphasis on
comfort and functionality, with a preference for features like cushioned insoles and arch support. Ergonomic concerns indicate a need for designs that mitigate pain and discomfort from prolonged wear. Despite the popularity of online shopping (54%), many consumers still value the in-person experience of physical stores (64%). Additionally, a significant number of respondents are willing to pay more for heels that combine style and comfort. These insights underscore the importance of designing heels that meet both aesthetic and practical needs, catering to the evolving demands of modern women.

This study was conducted during the years 2021-22 and 2022-23 on 13 years of Red Delicious, Royal Delicious, and Vance Delicious old apple plants grafted on wild (seedling) rootstock. Plants were treated according to the SKUAST-Kashmir recommended package of practice. Results revealed that maximum preharvest drop in all apple cultivars happened under control. 2,4,5T @ 30 ppm was more effective than NAA @ 10 ppm in reducing preharvest drop percentage irrespective of cultivar. The highest average yield/tree in Red Delicious (157.91kg), Royal Delicious (130.57 kg), and Vance Delicious (161.62kg) was observed in 2,4,5T @ 30ppm treated plants. Preharvest drop in terms of weight was maximum (22.39kg/tree) in Red Delicious, 21.56kg/tree in Royal Delicious, and 18.42 kg/tree in Vance Delicious under control.  The highest gross income per ha (Rs 18,32,725) was observed in Vance Delicious treated with 2,4,5T @ 30 ppm followed by Rs 18,01,912/ha under the same treatment in the case of Royal Delicious. Production cost/ha and marketing cost/ha were higher in the case of treated orchards than in control irrespective of apple cultivars. The highest net returns/ha (Rs. 12,20,528) and BC ratio (2.32) were obtained in Royal Delicious sprayed with NAA @ 10 ppm.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of two different genetic groups of pigs that were subjected to the identical agro-environmental conditions. A total of sixteen piglets of three months age were distributed evenly across four business. The pigs were raised in a rigorous manner, with approximately sixty percent of their diet coming from local sources and the remaining forty percent being a supplementary concentrate mix. Regular monthly
measurements of body weight were recorded, together with information regarding the age at which the animal reached sexual maturity, the first time the animal gave birth, the number of offspring in each litter, the weights of the newborns, and the time at which they were weaned. Both the age at which the first farrowing occurred (AFF) and the weight of the litter at the time of weaning were shown to be significantly influenced by the genetic group. A comparison was made between the weaning litter weight of the graded Hampshire pigs, which was 82.60±2.77 kg, and the weaning litter weight of the graded Large White Yorkshire (LWY) pigs, which was 76.40±3.96 kg. The Hampshire pigs came out with a higher weight. Furthermore, it was worth noting that the Hampshire pigs exhibited a reduced average finishing age (AFF) amounting to 375.80±4.87 d, in contrast to the graded LWY pigs, who exhibited an AFF of 395.60±6.12 d.
Hampshire pigs consistently got higher scores, despite the fact that there were no significant differences identified in other economic factors. When compared to LWY pigs, the results reveal that Hampshire pigs have greater performance under village management conditions. In order to improve the non-descript desi pig population in the state, Hampshire boars are recommended as a means of increasing the population.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lam, Guntur carried out cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on Red gram in the Andhra Pradesh state during the kharif season of 2020-2021, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 in the villages of Guttikonda, Jullakallu, and Batluru , respectively. The variety LRG?152, when treated with imidacloprid at 2 ml/kg, carbendazim at 1g/kg, and Rhizobium spp. at 25 g/kg, along with plant protection (yellow sticky trap + neem oil + insecticide), fertilizer, and weed control, produced the highest average yield of 21.56 kg/ha (2016–17) compared to the farmers\’ usual yield of 1863 kg/ha. The fluctuation in minimum support price selling rates as announced by GOI resulted in the greatest net returns of Rs.60560 /- during the year 2022–23 and the least net returns of Rs. 58250/– during the year 2020-21. According to the study, there was an average 343 kg/ha extension gap between farmers\’ practices and the technology that was exhibited. Over the course of all the years, the technological gap averaged 380 kg/ha. The improved performance of suggested varieties with various treatments and the increased viability of recommended technologies during the study period were the reasons for the variations in the technology gap between years. In a similar vein, every research demonstration\’s technology index complied with the technological gap. It was clear from this that adopting new technologies through CFLDs could increase the production of red gram. Therefore, it\’s imperative to use efficient extension techniques to spread the upgraded technologies among farmers, such as trainings and demonstrations.

Polyhouse or greenhouse is a structure made-up of translucent materials like polyethylene or shade nets, where the plants are grown under controlled climatic conditions, both considered identical, but the greenhouse is used more commonly in India. The knowledge for the present study was operationalized as the level of adoption about polyhouse technology in the Jaipur division of Rajasthan. Jaipur and Alwar districts were selected because they have a maximum number of polyhouse farmers. Out of both districts, the first three tehsils having a maximum number of polyhouse farmers was selected purposively. In this way, 160 respondents from the Jaipur district and 60 respondents from the Alwar district was selected. Thus, the total sample size was comprised of 220 farmers. The present study showed that education, annual income,  sources of farm information, extension contacts and economic motivation had significant correlation with the adoption of farmers at 1 per cent level of significance (P<0.01), followed by age had significant correlation with the adoption of farmers at 5 per cent level of significance (P<0.05), and remaining independent variables like caste, occupation, land holding and farm mechanization had non- significant correlation with the adoption of farmers.

Vegetables are very important perishable higher nutritional valuable crops in India as well as in Gujarat. The present study was conducted in Banaskantha district of Gujarat, due to major vegetable producing area. Three talukas were selected purposively where potato and tomato crops were grown. Five villages from each taluka and ten vegetable growers from each village were selected randomly (five tomatoes and five potatoes growers). Thus, in total 150 respondents
i.e., 75 for potato growers and 75 for tomato growers selected  for study. he data were collected T from farmers through personal interviews conducted at their homes and farms. Statistical tools such as frequency, rank, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient (r) were used to derive the inferences. The study concluded that mostly respondents had medium to low level of knowledge about the hazardous effects of pesticides

Paddy straw management is a key barrier to paddy farming in northwestern India. For the long?term sustainability of agriculture and natural resources accurate and timely information is seen to be a key component for changing farmers\’ behavior. Information and communication technologies have been advanced as a promising way to address these problems by providing more timely and low-cost information services to farmers. Punjab Agricultural University,  Ludhiana produced a diverse array of videos covering wide range of topics pertinent to farming. Among these, four videos were carefully chosen, addressing essential aspect of Crop Residue Management. Therefore, for this study, four videos on crop residue management were chosen in order to measure the farmers\’ degree of satisfaction. A sample of 180 farmers was selected from the three selected districts of Punjab. Ferozepur, Sangrur and Ludhiana Total 180 respondents (60 as control group and 120 as experimental group) were taken for the study. The results showed that most of the farmers were satisfied with the various aspects of the videos. i.e. mode of video screening, information in videos, language used, timing of videos, intent of motivation, graphics used, completeness of message, latest techniques. Small number of farmers were highly dissatisfied with , The study\’s overall satisfaction towards duration of videos graphics used.  videos showed that over half ( %) of the farmers had medium satisfaction level 56.67 followed by (22.50%) low level category and (20.83) high satisfaction level category and significant  relationship was found between socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and level of satisfaction regarding different aspects of videos.

The goal of sustainable development is to ensure a healthy diet for people living in the country. To making development more sustainable, mid-day meal scheme becomes the primary  objective. With this backdrop the present study valorize the imperativeness of social audit of Mid-Day Meal (MDMS)/ PM POSHAN for achieving sustainable development. This paper is based on relevant secondary data sources based on Annual Budget 2016-22, (GOI) Global
Hunger Index 2020, MDM data, revised guidelines for MDMS, reports, National (CMDM) Family and Health Survey (NFHS) factsheet for various rounds. The Global Hunger Index 2020–22 shows that despite significant financial and human resources being dedicated to MDMS, the majority of school-age children still have \”severe\” health conditions. Government made every effort to solve the issue, but their implementation was horribly ineffective. The budget for nutrition-related services should be increased by the government and kept constant until malnutrition is reduced. An annual maintenance budget with a specific subsidy provided by government should be set aside for the kitchen sheds. The local group should be tasked with overseeing the program so that teachers may focus on teaching.

The present investigation was carried out in Gir Somnath district of Gujarat State. Five talukas of  Gir Somnath district were purposively selected where Self-Help Groups (SHGs) formed under  Ambuja Cement Foundation and Krishi Vigyan Kendra. A total of 79 SHGs were formed in these five talukas. Villages with more than eight SHGs and those engaging in income-generating activities for more than three years were included. From each village, 25 SHG and 25 non-SHG
woman members were selected for the study. Thus, the total sample size of members was 500. The results revealed that the independent sample \’Z\’ test showed a significant difference in the  mean values of SHG members and non-SHG members in case of social status, communication ability, mass media exposure, and extension contact

The present study was carried out to study the socio-economic status of fishers of Ratnagiri,  Maharashtra. Three talukas were selected form the district and one hundred fifty two fishers were selected randomly. Information was collected through personal interview with the help of a well?structured interview schedule. The study revealed that majority (29%) fishers were from the age group 50-58 yr. All the participants were male. It was found that 97% were married and 54%
were living in joint family. Fishers inherited their house from ancestors (78%). Majority of fishers had bank account (91%) and 11% were indebted.

Gillnetting has been practiced for centuries worldwide and has experienced a remarkable surge in activity in recent times. Gillnets are regarded as highly selective fishing gear, making them one of the most appropriate methods for catching fish from a conservation and stock regulation perspective. In Ratnagiri, gillnet fishing is pivotal in small-scale fisheries and generates employment for the coastal people. Hence, it was necessary to study the socio-economic status
of gillnet operators of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. Therefore, an investigation on socio-economic status of gillnet operators of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra was done. The information was collected randomly from 113 respondents by using an interview schedule. By using descriptive statistics, the data were analysed. The results showed that a majority (69.03%) belonged to the middle age group with secondary education. Most were male (100%), married (95.58%), and owned gill net boats (100%). The study highlighted their housing conditions, family structure, and possession of assets. Gillnet operators faced health issues, and the major constraints included a lack of capital and poor ice supply. The average annual family income was ? 2,04,513, with savings at 46.54%. The profit gained from gillnet fishing was ? 3,12,092. The constraints faced by gillnet  operators were lack of capital, price fluctuation, poor ice supply, spoilage during storage, high transportation cost, unhygienic market place, lack of government assistance. The study suggests targeted training programs for modern fishing techniques, financial education, and income  diversification to address challenges and promote overall development in the region. Improved ice supply and storage facilities are also recommended for the fishing community

Soil nutrients play a pivotal role in facilitating optimal plant development and enhancing agricultural yield. The precise assessment of soil nutrient levels is paramount for making  informed agricultural choices, encompassing crop selection, land preparation, and fertilizer application. This study incorporates diverse supervised machine learning approaches, including K-Nearest Neighbour, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Naive  Bayes, to analyse soil nutrient profiles. A total of 12 soil parameters were employed to categorize soil nutrients into low, medium, and high classifications. Post pre-processing, the dataset underwent a division into training and testing datasets. Algorithms were applied to the training  collection and then assessed with the test dataset, using Python for coding. The random forest model achieved the highest accuracy, reaching 99%, thus surpassing alternative methodologies. The research highlights that the application of machine learning strategies, notably the random  forest method, can greatly advance the accuracy of soil nutrient forecasts, allowing farmers to make wiser decisions that increase productivity and optimize land management.

The present study was based on shop to shop survey for the availability of different antihypertensive medicines which are being used in therapy of hypertension in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 124 pharmacy shops including both allopathic and homeopathic were contacted during the survey. The results revealed that antihypertensive medicines from class calcium antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers were present in all (100%) the pharmacy shops, followed by diuretics  (94.50%), aldosterone antagonist (69.72%), alpha blockers (55.96%) and vasodilators (21.10%). Ayurvedic medicines were present in few of the pharmacy shops which were surveyed  while homeopathic preparation of various makes was present in each of the homeopathic pharmacy shops which were used for treatment of hypertension.

Yard long bean is one of the important vegetable crop rich in proteins and fibers, grown for fresh vegetable market majorly in south India and which plays a vital role in supplementing the income of small and marginal farmers of Mysuru district of Karnataka. One of the major constrain of traditional Yard long bean farming in Mysore district is low productivity due to non?adaption of advanced technologies like use of improved  varieties. The present study Sustainable Yard Long Bean production through introduction of high yielding new variety Arka Managala was carried out at Hunsur Taluk of Mysore district during Kharif 2023. The improved  technologies such as introduction of high yielding variety (Arka Mangala), balanced manures, fertilizers application and integrated pest and disease management etc. The present study  revealed that introduced variety Arka managla gave highest yield per ha (14.1 t/ha) compared to farmers practice (8.9 t/ha) i.e. traditional varieties used by the farmers. The Arka mangala  registered 36.87 per cent increased yield over the farmer\\\’s practice variety. The introduced variety Arka Mangala gave higher B:C ratio 1:3.10 with beneficial/market preference characters  like long pods (80 cm), light green, stringless, round, tender with crisp texture and early maturity in 60 days along with minimum pest and disease incidence. Present study clearly showed that the
yield and economics of Yard long bean can be improved by adapting high yielding variety with recommended scientific technologies.

An investigation was conducted to characterize the urine of indigenous and exotic cow breeds for various chemical and bio-chemical properties. The study was undertaken in College of Agriculture, Pune, Maharashtra. There were eleven indigenous cow breeds (Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Red Kandhari, Khillar, Konkan Kapila, Tharparkar, Gaolao, Rathi, Deoni and Dangi) and two exotic breeds (Cross breeds and Phule Triveni) under study. Fresh urine samples during
rainy, winter and summer season in 2022-23 were collected and analyzed. The average pH and electrical conductivity was lower by 5.91 and 29.32% in urine of indigenous breeds compared to exotic breeds. The nitrogen in urine varied from 0.37 to 0.46 %.It was higher by 10.86 % in indigenous breeds over exotic breeds. Potassium of urine varied from 0.30 to 0.76% which was higher by 69.24%indigenous breeds over exotic cow breeds. The magnesium content in urine of  indigenous cow breeds was lower (7.01 %) over exotic breeds. The sodium in cow urine varied from 1045 to 1503 mg/kg in both breeds. The iron was higher (44.30 %) in urine of indigenous over exotic cow breeds. The manganese, copper and zinc in cow urine ranged from 4.80 to 19.20 mg/kg, 1.53 to 2.42 mg/kg and 2.25 to 3.06 mg/kg, respectively. The average urease activity varied from 16.28 to 19.02 %.

The study conducted in the Wayanad district of Kerala in 2023-24 focused on the working environment of employees of the dairy cooperative society (DCS). The sample consisted of 120 employees from 30 DCSs. The working environment was evaluated based on factors like people\’s participation, teamwork, job satisfaction, workload, and job stress. The findings  revealed that over 60.837 of respondents were satisfied with the farmers\’ efforts in implementing
extension programs, their interest in extension work, acceptance of technology, and local responses. Regarding teamwork, most respondents felt confident in the delegated authority,  mutual desire to give and take, appreciated their colleagues\’ attitudes, and found the procedural design conducive to working together. In terms of job satisfaction, the majority were content  with their professional social prestige, followed by the facilities provided by DCS, job authority,
leave facilities, service security and overall job facilities. Job stress sources such as helping others, crowded work areas, subpar working conditions compared to others, and the job being  too easy were not significant stressors for most respondents. Significant positive relationships were observed between satisfaction with people\’s participation and teamwork, teamwork, and  job satisfaction, as well as between job stress and workload.

An experiment was carried out in Medicinal Plants Research and Development Centre (MRDC) of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, India, during Kharif season to study the response of Jeevamrit on yield and economics of brahmi crop (Bacopa monneri L. var. CIM- Jagriti). The soil of experimental plot  was sandy clay loam in texture, having pH 6.9, and medium in organic carbon (0.64%. The
available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 180.78 kg N/ha, 20.14 kg P O /ha, and 200.64 2 5 kg K O/ha,respectively. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) having ten treatments with three replications. The treatments comprises with different rates of Jeevamrit, Farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost. Among all the treatments, treatment comprises with Jeevamrit @ 5000 l/ha gave maximum return on investment as compared to
other treatments.

A field experiment was conducted with the objective of assessing yield and quality of fodder cowpea by supplementing zinc through foliar nutrition in randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were T1 (100% RDF), T 2(75% RDF), T3 (T 1+  3 zinc @ 0.25% )as foliar spray at 20 DAS), T4 (T 1+ boron @ 0.25% as foliar spray at 20 DAS), T 5 (T1 + boron @ 0.125% + zinc @ 0.125% as foliar spray at 20 DAS), T6 (T2 + zinc @ 0.25% as foliar spray @ 20 DAS), T7  (T2 + boron @ 0.25% as foliar spray @ 20 DAS) and T8 (T2 + boron @ 0.125% + zinc @ 0.125% as foliar spray at 20 DAS). The results revealed that for augmented yield and quality of fodder cowpea in sandy loam soils has to be supplied with FYM @ 10 t/ha as basal dose along with N, P O and K O @ 25:60:30 kg/ha along with foliar application of zinc sulphate heptahydrate @ 0.25 percent at 20 days after sowing

Field experiments were conducted for three years to manage soil and foliar diseases of sesame by integrated approaches using bioagents and fungicides. The experiment was conducted in different seasons for the management of Macrophomina root rot, stem blight and Alternaria capsule blight. Seed treatment with biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) followed by foliar spray with Difenconazole @ 0.05% on 30 and 45 DAS reduced the root rot from 19.03
to 5.73%, stem blight from 48.67% to 20.68% and capsule blight from 41.33% to 16.41% and increased yield from 376 to 640.05 kg/ha with a B:C ratio of 2.13 in sesame. Thus, seed treatment  with Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) followed by foliar spray with Difenconazole @ 0.05% on 30 and 45 DAS provided maximum protection from foliar and soil borne diseases in sesame  with higher seed yield and B:C ratio, so that this may be recommended for the management of
diseases in sesame

This report reveals the successful treatment of generalized scabies in a dog in Ranchi, using  oral ivermectin at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 µg/kg b.wt respectively from day-1 to day-5. After the priming of the dog, Ivermectin @ 300 µg/kg b.wt was continued at weekly intervals for four weeks, until the resolution of scabies.