examination of blood smears. All three animals showed the clinical symptoms of high temperature, inappetence, weakness, reduced milk yield, pale mucous membranes, and labored breathing. Microscopic examination of dung samples did not reveal the presence of ova/cysts/oocysts of any parasite. Haematological studies revealed decreased haemoglobin levels, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and an increase in mean corpuscular volume. The animals were treated with a combination of Imidocarb dipropionate and Oxytetracycline along with antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents, haematinics, B – complex and liver extracts. Clinical symptoms reduced from 2nd day onwards and complete recovery was observed around 15 days post-treatment.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) of Poaceae family is an important agro-industrial crop of tropical and subtropical regions of India. A vast industrial set-up, the value-chain, supply-chain, and several stakeholders are mutually impacted by the success and failure of the sugarcane crop. In Bihar, more than 20 diseases of sugarcane have been reported which are caused by pathogens of varying group, which get sufficient time to establish themselves in the long duration annual crop of sugarcane. The crop is affected by majority of diseases among which wilt disease caused by Fusarium sacchari is one of the most prevalent in the Bihar region. Out of thirty evaluated varieties against Fusarium sacchari, it was observed that 6 varieties (20.69%) were resistant, 15 varieties (51.72%) were moderately resistant, 5 varieties (17.24%) were moderately susceptible, and 3 varieties (10.34%) were susceptible in field condition. The pot experiments revealed 6 varieties (20.69%) as resistant, 11 varieties (37.93%) as moderately resistant, 4 varieties (13.79%) as moderately susceptible and 8 varieties (31.03%) as susceptible. A significant loss was noticed in different quantitative and qualitative attributes of sugarcane due to wilt disease. The reduction in germination% (6.14%-38.20%), settling mortality% (4.55%-41.24%), cane height (6.66%- 27.83%), cane girth (2.67%- 45.16%), cane weight (6.40%-47.27%), brix % (4.04%-25.58%), sucrose %
(6.96%-49.16%) and in purity % (3.04%-31.69%) was observed

Groundnut seed has the highest quality deterioration due to indigenous techniques and damage due to Bruchid infestation and mold growth. Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags (T1) were introduced for hermetic storage of groundnut pods against traditional methods using gunny bags (T2). PICS storage bags were consisting of 80 micron thick high density polyethylene in two inner layers and surrounded by a third layer of woven nylon bag for strength. For the assessment of PICS hermatic storage bags to reduce the pest incidence, Groundnut varieties (Dharani and Kadiri 6) were selected and stored for 6 months period. T1 consisted of Groundnut varieties with good germination percent during the storage study. T2
consisted of Groundnut varieties with a loss in germination per cent of 20 and 26 under the indigenous method of using gunny bags whereas in PICS(T1) negligible loss of 2 and 4% were recorded during 180 days. Grain weight of samples stored in PICS bags (T1) was restored from the beginning to end of the study of 6 months and maintained \\\’A\\\’ grade quality up to the 5th months where in T2, the loss of grain weight was higher and the quality of grain was reached to \\\’D\\\’ grade at the end of the study. Thus, the efficacy of triple-layer PICS bags over gunny bags was protecting seed viability, seed weight and quality content while safeguarding the groundnuts from bruchids and retarding toxic aggregation.

The present study was conducted to assess the level of awareness among cattle farmers about Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) with respect to general disease, its transmission and prevention and control measures in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. The study was carried out among 150 cattle farmers who visited the Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli from different areas of the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu through personal interview by using pre-tested and semi-structured interview schedule. The awareness level was measured based on the mean score obtained by cattle farmers. The study revealed that, the respondents were more aware about Lumpy Skin Disease affecting cattle and lack awareness about disease caused by virus that causes abortion in dairy animals. Whereas, respondents had more awareness about \\\’introduction of infected animals to the herd\\\’, \\\’contaminated feed and water\\\’ can transmit disease in animals and less awareness with respect to movement of cattle and ticks, mosquitoes and flies can transmit the disease in animals. Regarding, prevention and control measures, respondents had more awareness that vaccination is the effective way to control Lumpy Skin Disease in cattle and less aware in respect of \\\’there is no specific treatment for Lumpy Skin Disease\\\’ and \\\’quarantine of newly purchased animals\\\’.

Sustainable crop production systems require phytopathogens to be managed effectively with the use of microorganisms. In recent years major thrust is given on other alternative methods including biological control with the inclusion of ecologically well-adopted, bio agents, which is environment-friendly and also curtail the hazards of intensive use of toxic materials and add as a major component of modern integrated disease management strategy. The concept of developing microbial consortia for bio-control relies on the fact that bioagents under natural habitats live in communities with some benefits for plants. Attempts were made to evaluate the relative compatibility of Trichoderma harzianum with a few other commonly used soil antagonists viz. Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus and Gliocladium virens by dual culture technique. The most compatible antagonist was found to be G. virens with T. harzianum followed by T. koningii, T. viride and A. flavus. The radial growth of T. harzianum was more as compared to other soil antagonists on dual culture assay except in case of T. harzianum and A. terreus where the A. terreus was seen to suppress the growth of T. harzianum. The best pair of compatible antagonists was found to be T. harzianum – G. virens. Under pot condition, dual application of bioagents- T.harzianum and G.virens showed significant  reduction in percent disease incidence and greater efficacy in increasing plant height, dry weight of root,
shoot and crop yield as compared to the control.

The study entitled “Constraints encountered by the flower growers In Krishnagiri District” was aimed to identify the constraints encountered in flower cultivation and marketing and suggest suitable strategies to overcome them same. Krishnagiri district was purposively selected based on higher area under flower cultivation. The study was undertaken in ten villages in Kelamangalam and Thally blocks of Krishnagiri district in Tamil Nadu. One hundred and twenty flower growers were selected by using proportionate random sampling technique representing sixty farmers from each flower growers viz., Chrysanthemum and Rose. Data were collected and analyzed using Garette ranking technique. Major constraints encountered by the flower growers in cultivation of flowers were imbalanced manuring, lack of rain fall, lack of information, high cost of input, unawareness about that diseases and pests, lack of knowledge on other market price.

The Brinjal (Solanum melongena L) is a common and popular vegetable crop grown extensively in Assam and major source of income for the small and marginal farmers of the state. The major constraint in the production of brinjal is the bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. It constitutes a serious obstacle to the cultivation of brinjal, causing total damage of plantations before(15-23% loss) as well as after bearing fruits(54.6- 62.5%). Biological control through the use of natural antagonistic microorganisms has emerged as one of best eco friendly management system, a promising alternatives to chemical pesticide. Local strain of biocontrol agents were tested for finding out the best bio-agent in suppressing the attack of Ralstonia solanacearum on Brinjal under field condition. Among all tested
combination, the treatment containing combination of Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescent applied in Seed+ Root + Soil methods of application was found most effective in reducing the incidence(19.80%) of bacterial wilt disease under field situation. Highest per plant yield , (3866.77 g/plant) , plant height, fruit size(337.02 gram per fruit) and numbers were also recorded from the same combination and the same methods of application.

The farmers of Indo Gangetic Plains of India follows rice-wheat cropping system on large area. In Punjab, Paddy cultivation is practiced on around 3.06 mha in Punjab, generating more than 20 MT of paddy straw. Some farmers burn the paddy residue in the fields for clearing the fields for sowing of wheat due to short window period between harvesting of paddy and sowing of wheat. The loose paddy residue can be managed if the loose paddy residue coming out from conventional combine harvester is managed successfully. The fermentation of paddy residue is one of the alternatives for managing paddy residue. The fermented paddy straw has more nutritive value than untreated paddy straw for feeding the milch animals. The comparative cost analysis of natural fermentation of rice straw in bales over conventional method of baling system was worked out. The total profit under conventional and fermentation baling system was Rs. 5865/ha and Rs. 6519/ha respectively.

This study was carried out to dry organically vs conventionally grown broccoli using sulfuring, blanching and no treatment (control). The treated samples were dried in the mechanical tray drier (at 60ºC) and in solar drier until constant weight was achieved. The drying of broccoli revealed that the samples treated with KMS and dried in mechanical drier took minimum time for drying and were low in moisture content. Blanched samples took more drying time and were high in moisture content. Mechanically dried vegetables took less time for drying and had lower moisture content as compared to solar dried samples. The average ascorbic content of KMS treated samples of organic broccoli was maximum i.e. 35.60 mg/100g and that of control and blanched organic broccoli samples was 31.20 and 30.40 mg/100g, respectively. The dehydrated organic and conventionally grown broccoli varied significantly (P?0.05)
with each other in terms of rehydration ratio, coefficient of rehydration and bulk density. The finding of the study concluded that dehydration of broccoli can help to minimize their post-harvest losses as broccoli is highly perishable due to high moisture content.

The prevalence of subclinical mastitis is currently increasing in our country and adversely affecting dairy farmers\\\’ economies. To note down the effect of post-milking teat dip on subclinical mastitis, 30 crossbred cows were randomly divided into two groups based on parity and age viz., T (n=15, farmer\\\’s practices – owashing of milker hand and udder with water) and T (n=15, with farmer\\\’s practices along with the use of 1 post-milk teat dip of 3.5% Lactic acid) during the experimental trial of 30 days. By use of post-milk teat dip, the CMT and SCC positive cases were decreased by 71.4 % and 72.2 % respectively in T . The SCC 1 and pH of milk were significantly (p< 0.05) reduced however, milk yield was significantly (p< 0.05) increased by 6.7 % in T compared to T on 28th day. The use of post-milk teat dip is cost-effective in terms 1 o
of economics and recommended for dairy farmers to prevent subclinical mastitis.

Leaf blight disease emerges as the most prevalent disease affecting Plectranthus vettiveroides. The onset of leaf blight symptoms manifested initially as water-soaked lesions appearing at the edges of the leaves. Over time, these lesions transformed into ash-brown color with irregular margins. As the disease advanced, the lesions expanded to encompass the entire leaf lamina. On PDA media, the pathogen exhibits robust growth, producing white, aerial, floccoid mycelia. The hyaline, branched and septate hyphae bear bullet shaped conidia with an average size of 7.73 × 2.9 ?m. Molecular characterization using ITS primers (ITS-1F/ITS-4R), followed by sequence analysis in the NCBI database, conclusively identifies the pathogen as Colletotrichum siamense. Hence, this study is the first report of Colletotrichum siamense causing leaf blight in Plectranthus vettiveroides

Mushroom cultivation presents itself as a lucrative and sustainable opportunity that warrants
encouragement among young individuals, fostering their engagement in agriculture. Notably, within the Puri district, there is a discernible upswing in the adoption of mushroom cultivation. However, for this trend to evolve into a genuinely profitable venture, it is crucial to equip farmers with the requisite training and knowledge. Recognizing that young people are the primary contributors to income, their active involvement is pivotal. In an attempt to enhance the earnings of rural unemployed youth, a comprehensive training program was implemented, benefitting 50 participants aged between 20 and 40 yrs. This initiative encompassed a diverse range of activities, such as practical demonstrations, structured
training sessions, exposure visits, extension initiatives, provision of essential startup resources, and facilitation of access to government schemes and programs. As a direct outcome of their involvement in the ARYA Project, these previously unemployed youths have undergone a significant transformation, notably enhancing their capacity to contribute to their families\\\’ income.

A 6 week study was conducted on 240 Commercial day old broiler chicks. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatments (4 replicates of 20 birds each) consisting different litter material like paddy husk, ragi husk, shredded areca nut sheath waste and smashed maize cobs. The birds were reared on deep litter system of housing. All the groups were provided with similar environmental and managemental conditions throughout the experimental period. T1; paddy husk , T2; ragi husk, T3; shredded areca nut sheath waste and T4; smashed maize cobs on the performance and cost of production of commercial broilers reared in deep litter system of rearing. Among different litter materials like paddy husk, maize cob, ragi husk and shredded areca nut sheath waste, there was an improvement in body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR and mortality rate in paddy husk group when compared to other litter materials. BCR
ratio was comparable among different treatment groups. Therefore, In addition to paddy husk, other litter materials can be used as an alternative in broilers if available at cheaper cost.

The study on extent of damage by avian fauna in maize and measures for management was conducted at ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu. The per cent cob damage was assessed at the time of harvest. In addition, the bird species and its nature of damage also recorded. The results showed that, three rows of pearl millet in the border area combined with placement of reflect tive ribbons and scare crows (12/ha) had recorded least cob damage (32.29%) followed by treatment with placement of reflective ribbons and scare crows (12/ha) (35.43%) as against 68.29 per cent in the control plots. The yield also comparatively higher in treatment imposed plots (6242 and 5400 kg/ha), while the control plots registered 4562 kg/ha. Mostly the bird species viz., Columbia livia, Psittacula krameri and Corvus
splendens were primarily causing damage to the maize crop.

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of nutrient management on growth and yield of fodder cowpea in sandy loams of Onattukara. The experiment was laid out in RBD with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were T (100% RDF), T (75% RDF), T (T + zinc @ 0.25% as 1 2 3 1 foliar spray at 20 DAS), T (T + boron @ 0.25% as foliar spray at 20 DAS), T (T + boron @ 0.125% + 4 1 5 1 zinc @ 0.125% as foliar spray at 20 DAS), T (T + zinc @ 0.25% as foliar spray @ 20 DAS), T (T + 6 2 7 2 boron @ 0.25% as foliar spray @ 20 DAS) and T (T + boron @ 0.125% + zinc @ 0.125% as foliar spray 8 2 at 20 DAS). The results revealed that T produced significantly higher plant height, number of leaves per 3
plant and LAI at 30 DAS and at harvest. The green fodder yield per plant (106.72 g), green fodder yield per hectare (23.74 t), dry fodder yield per plant (10.12 g) and dry fodder yield per hectare (2.25 t) were significantly influenced by the treatment T . For enhanced growth and yield of fodder cowpea in 3 Onattukara sandy loam soils of Kerala, the crop has to be supplied with 100 % recommended dose of fertilizers (FYM @ 10 t/ha, N, P O5 and K O @ 25:60:30 kg/ha) along with foliar application of zinc 2 2 sulphate heptahydrate @ 0.25 percent at 20 days after sowing.

This experiment was aimed to assess the impact of substituting soybean meal in the concentrate mixture by incorporating rice distillers dried grains with solubles (RDDGS) on the growth and carcass characteristics of Vizianagaram ram lambs. In a completely randomized design 24 ram lambs (3-4 m old, 9-11 kg body weight) were randomly divided into four dietary treatments. All animals received a diet of super napier and concentrate mixture. The soybean meal in the concentrate mixture was replaced with RDDGS at 0% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3), and 100% (T4) levels. The feeding trial lasted for 90 days. The findings of the study suggest that partial or complete replacement of soybean meal with RDDGS did not have any negative impact on body weight gain, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio in ram lambs. The carcass studies revealed different traits viz., empty body weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage were statistically similar among all treatment groups. The proportion of wholesale cuts (% carcass weight) viz., foreshank & brisket, shoulder & neck, rack, loin and leg were numerically higher in T compared to other treatments, but the differences between treatments were statistically non-significant. 4 The yield of visceral organs expressed as percentage of pre slaughter weight and longissimus dorsi muscle chemical composition were also unaffected with dietary any of the treatments. It was concluded that, RDDGS is a nutritionally similar to soybean meal for replacing in the concentrate mixtures fed to growing ram lambs.

An important and growing part of the textile Industry is the medical and related healthcare and hygiene sectors. The number of applications range from the simple cleaning wipe to the advanced barrier fabrics used for operating rooms. This paper reviews the healthcare and hygiene products used and required by consumers extensively today. The preferences of experts was sought to select healthcare and hygiene textile products to be developed using antimicrobial finish. The products selected from hygiene/utility textile articles category were multipurpose wipes and apron, from textile articles used for cleaning purposes were kitchen napkin and hand towel and from medical textiles category were mask and head cover.A total of thirty designs i.e. five designs for each selected article were created and the top ranked design of each article was selected for product development using herbal finished fabric. Cotton woven fabric was selected for development of multipurpose wipes, apron, kitchen napkin and head cover whereas cotton knitted fabric was selected for hand towel and face mask.

Microfinance and self-help groups are inseparable. Rewa block of Rewa district have 1,372 self- help groups involving 3,783 women in economic and social activities. The success of self-help groups in India and all over the developing and underdeveloped countries have proved that there is an exponential change in the mindset of the conservative and tradition bound, ignorant women in rural areas. Ex post facto research design was followed for the study. This study shows that out of total 120 respondents\\\’ majority belonged to medium aspiration (43.33%), half of the respondents exhibited medium level of socioeconomic impact of microfinance on them (50.00 %).

The Kymore Plateau and Satpura Hills region, which spans the districts of Sidhi, Rewa, Satna, Panna, Jabalpur, and Seoni, is a vertical strip that runs through the center of Madhya Pradesh. Medium to heavy cotton soils predominate in the area, while in the irrigated tracts, rice-wheat-greengram is the main cropping system. Conventional tillage techniques, such as preparing the seed bed for wheat by tillage with a cultivator and then breaking lumps with a rotavator, and preparing the seed bed for greengram by a similar procedure, further postpone the sowing by a further 12 to 15d. In 2019–20 and 2020–21, technology demonstrations on wheat and summer greengram were carried out with conventional and zero tillage while taking the afore mentioned into account. ZT+R and CT-R plots showed grain yields of 51.99
and 48.77 q/ha, respectively, which were 41.55 and 32.78 per cent more than FP (36.73 q/ha). The cost of cultivation in ZT+R plots was found to be 0.63 per cent lower than in farmer\\\’s practices, but 9.57 per cent higher in CT-R. Wheat could have been sown 15–18 d earlier than with the CT–R method. With 10–12 d early sowing in ZT+R plots, greengram seed yield under ZT+R and CT-R fields was recorded to be 12.65 and 12.28 q/ha, with yield increases of 29.74 and 25.95 per cent over FP (9.75 q/ha). The cost for cultivating greengram was 0.38 perent higher in CT-R technology but 4.87 per cent lower in ZT+R technology than in FP. In the disseminated area of 6385 ha, zero tillage technique minimized 675.92 MT CO emissions, which was predicted to be 76% less than that of CT-R. This resulted in fuel savings of 2
252207 liters and decreased environmental pollution. In addition to the previously mentioned, it saved the need for one irrigation in greengram and wheat, saving a total of 5.795 million cubic feet of water in the disseminated area, valued at 63.85 lakh.

Educating Kisan Mela attendees about new technology created by researchers mostly from government agricultural and allied research centers, state agricultural colleges, and some private sector institutions is the main goal of organizing such events. Purposefully carried out during the Kisan Mela, the current study aimed to find out how satisfied respondents were with the venue\\\’s location, stall orientation, arrangements for livestock, availability of high-quality seeds, information about new crop varieties, pesticide and insecticide information, and the overall experience of Kisan Mela for attendees. Based on a three-point continuum, the level of satisfaction was determined. The scores for most satisfied, satisfied, and not satisfied were 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The weighted mean score overall was determined, and a rating was completed. Most of the respondents indicated most content with the research area, namely, venue location, orientation of distinct stall, a system for drinking water, accommodations for animals to dwell in, the planning of an animal display, the accessibility of high-quality seeds, and details about novel crop strains, details on insecticides and pesticides, and the overall impact of farmer\\\’s fair . The vast majority of respondents claimed they couldn\\\’t afford acquiring knowledge about agriculture. There is a large gap between the amount of knowledge that is produced about agriculture and the amount of knowledge that
farmers actually use. Kisan Melas are held to educate farmers about new technologies and products, such as hybrid seeds, fertilizers, tractors, banking services, mineral mixtures, medicines, and dairy utensils. A lot of effort goes into organizing Kisan Melas, and it is important to ensure that the farmers who attend are satisfied with the event so that they can benefit from the information that is being shared.Thi study was conducted to assess the level of satisfaction of farmers who attended a Kisan Mela.

A field experiment was conducted at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the mango panicle characteristics and correlation between panicle growth parameters and climatic parameters. This study was conducted on seven mango varieties viz., Sonpari, Alphonso, Amrapali, Kesar, Dashehari, Totapuri and Rajapuri. Kesar recorded maximum length of panicle (37.55 cm) which was at par with Alphanso (35.66 cm) and Amrapali (32.80 cm). The maximum width of panicle (22.76 cm) was recorded in Kesar which was at par with Rajapuri (19.63 cm). Mango cv. Alphonso recorded maximum diameter of primary rachis (5.65 mm), which was at par with Kesar (5.60 mm) and Rajapuri (5.18 mm). Maximum numbers of spikelets panicle-1 (above 10 cm) were recorded in cv. Kesar (14.00), which was at par with Alphonso (10.95). In correlation study it was noticed that , during the year 2020-21 panicle breadth was significantly positive correlated with minimum relative humidity (r = 0.85*) and total rainfall (r = 0.81*). During the year 2019-20, it was observed that, correlation between diameter of primary rachis and climatic parameters viz., maximum temperature (r= – 0.81*), minimum temperature (r= – 0.92**) and bright sunshine hours (r= -0.91**) were significant and negatively correlated.

An alternative to traditional grid-based or diesel-powered water pumps is the utilization of solar photovoltaic panels to generate electricity from captured sunlight, enabling solar-powered pumps. The availability of portable solar water pumps allows for easy relocation in accordance with seasonal or water demand fluctuations, all while maintaining lower operational costs. The technology employed for harnessing solar energy to power water pumps mirrors the methods previously used with electricity and diesel. In the years 2021-2022, a comprehensive scale was developed to assess the training needs of farmers who have adopted or not adopted solar-powered water pumping systems. This scale was constructed using the Likert method, incorporating a concise rating scale and standardized procedures. A total of 32 items were collected, and a thorough relevancy analysis was conducted by experts. Subsequently, a 23-item schedule was employed for preliminary interviews based on the results of the relevancy analysis. After subjecting the items to further scrutiny for their ability to differentiate, the final scale comprised 17 elements. Its validity and reliability were established using the split-half test reliability method and content validity, respectively. The scale\\\’s improved internal consistency was demonstrated by a commendable dependability coefficient of 0.890.

Dairy cooperative societies play a pivotal role in the agricultural and dairy sectors, providing a
collaborative platform for local farmers in the Kalpetta block, Kerala. This study delves into the dynamics and functioning of 14 dairy cooperative societies, showcasing their impact on dairy sector in the study area. The societies were classified from Class 1 to Class 10 based on daily milk procurement capacity, each contributing uniquely to the cooperative\\\’s resilience and inclusivity. The study utilized structured interviews and data analysis to present a comprehensive overview of the cooperative landscape, emphasizing the societal, economic, and agricultural impact of these entities. The entire study examined data on milk procurement, member demographics, feed supply, animal possession, and workforce dynamics revealed the diverse and vital contributions of each class. The research contributes to the understanding of dairy cooperatives as drivers of community engagement, knowledge exchange, and socio-economic development.

The study was carried out to assess the physicochemical and functional qualities of tapioca flour. The results of physical characteristics of tapioca tuber namely length, width and weight were recorded as 26.24cm, 2.74cm at the proximal end, 3.21cm at the middle, 3.29cm at the distal end, and 273.40 kg. The tubers were sliced, blanched, dried and then milled into flour. The proximate composition of tapioca flour including moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrate and energy were estimated as 10.77±0.22%, 2.10±0.10%, 0.91±0.08%, 1.60±0.38%, 1.40±0.32%, 83.17±0.78%, 349±4.00 Kcal, respectively. The functional properties of flour were found to be 20.25±1.05% swelling power, 59.08±2.53% flour dispersibility, 5.83±0.12cP viscosity, 0.836±0.045g/cm3 bulk density, 38.30±1.02% percent solubility, 23.46±0.45% emulsification capacity, 10.12±0.14% gel capacity, 266.91±0.29% water absorption capacity and 88.46±1.14% oil absorption capacity. Tapioca is particularly high in carbohydrates, which makes it useful for persons with calorie deficiency and it also has a high functional value, so it may be used for home, commercial, and industrial purposes

Shrimp farming is playing a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of our country. Shrimp aquaculture has developed very fast in Maharashtra since last decade. Shrimp farming activities have also generated employment along the coastline. As this sector is growing at a good pace and the state is earning valuable foreign exchange it is necessary to study the profile of shrimp farmers. The right information at the right time is crucial for being successful in any farming system. Sustainable shrimp aquaculture farming system is also dependent on correct information. In view of this, an investigation was undertaken to study the profile and information sources utilized by shrimp farmers in North Konkan region, Maharashtra. Information was collected randomly from 108 shrimp farmers, Maharashtra using an
interview schedule. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the profile and information sources utilized by shrimp farmers. Results indicated that the majority of shrimp farmers in the North Konkan region were in the young age group (up to 35 years old), with 32.41% having secondary education. About 41.67% had experience up to 5 years. Majority of shrimp farmers had taken ponds on lease basis and were having farming areas up to 2 ha. Annual income of the majority of shrimp farmers (85.19%) is above 20 lakhs. Aqua company technicians/input dealers (100%) were the primary information source, followed by fisheries institutions (97.22%). Social media/internet was the third major source of information used by shrimp farmers (93.51%). The study suggested that it would be better if private and government sector extension mechanisms work together through convergence. It is also suggested that, internet/social media-based information exchange along with strengthening the digital extension system can be a viable strategy to provide right information and services to farmers.

A field experiment was carried out to study the impact of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus application on yield and economics of mustard. The experimental work was conducted in RBD (factorial) design with three replications. The experiment consisted of 3 levels of nitrogen (40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha) and four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P O /ha). The soil of experimental field was sandy loam 2 5 in texture with a pH 8.20. The soil was low in available nitrogen (182.48 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (28.20 kg P O /ha) and rich in available potash (286.74 kg K O/ha). Various levels of nitrogen 2 5 2and phosphorus influenced seed yield significantly. Every increase in the level of nitrogen and phosphorus increased seed yield/ha. More values of seed yield and its contributory characters were observed with the application of N @ 120/kg and P O @ 60/kg. Highest net profit of Rs. 48515/ha was 2 5 recorded with 120 kg N/ha in combination with 60 kg P/ha while maximum B:C ratio (3.02) was noted with the application of 120 kg N/ha along with 20 and 40 kg P O /ha.

Advent in developments of communication technologies has benefited wide variety of sectors endlessly. These impacts have generously found towards veterinary health and extension advisory services also. Tele health service in veterinary sector has been existed even since before, but its prominence has been recognised during pandemic. A study was conducted about tele health and extension advisory services. The data were collected through semi structured interview schedule among randomly selected Senior Veterinary Surgeons and Project Coordinators from Department of Animal Husbandry, Kerala and analysed using descriptive statistics and rank order technique. The mean age and working experience of respondents were 52.23 and 26.73 years, respectively. Majority (70%) of respondents were male and possessed maximum educational qualification of B.V.Sc. & AH. Medicine cases (including emergencies), gynaecology & obstetrics and deworming & immunization were found to be most delivered among tele health services, followed by farm consultancy / advisory, Extension activities and livestock & products marketing were found to be next in its ranking. Majority of respondents had a less favourable followed by highly favourable attitude towards the extension advisory services during COVID-19 pandemic. Major constraints perceived to provide tele health services were, assessing animal health condition without physical examination and insufficient technical / network support for consultation. Most respondents opined that ensuring timely veterinary aid to animals along with tele health services, strengthening technical and network support and organising capacity building programme to overcome difficulties in providing tele health Services. The present finding depicted the importance of preparedness for future pandemic crises and also helps to develop strategies to improve the access to veterinary health and extension advisories.

Punjab has become a hub of student migration as well as labour migration to the developed countries. When this migration took place, it tore families across the borders. Old-aged parents have to spend a significant portion of their life alone when their children migrate overseas and set up their families in their destination countries. The parents who stay at home may feel more emotionally stressed and burdened with household responsibilities due to the absence of their children.So, this study was undertaken with specific objective of knowing the socio-psycho and others problems faced by left behind parents in rural Punjab. A total sample of 120 households was selected with help of snowball sampling technique. The results revealed that about one fifth (22.53 %) of the total sample respondents belonged to the age group in 71-80 years and had high average income i.e., between Rs. 2-3 Lakh/annum. The respondents had various social problems among which social isolation was major social issue. People have lot of psychological problems such as, no one care at this stage, loneliness after migration of children coupled with over thinking and insecurities were there. Along with this, about 48 per cent of the total respondents faced tension and anxiety which was mainly related to their children and about their settlement and future. The respondents called their homes as “empty nests”. As far as suggestions to overcome the issue, a large number i.e., 71.66 per cent of respondents said that recreational activities must be there for parents such as social clubs, reading rooms with congenial atmosphere. Recreational activities as well as support and care must be there so that old aged parents can lead a comfortable life. Proper health care program should be paid by government for old aged person.

The coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a cool season crop and can be successfully cultivated in rabi season on black cotton or other type of heavy soils. The study was conducted in the Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the effect of season of sowing on foliage yield and quality of coriander under two different growing condition viz., open field and shade net (50%) with the variety CO (CR) 4. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eighteen treatments replicated thrice. Under Shade net grown coriander yielded well compared to open field condition. In open field condition there was no germination observed during summer months (March, April and May) while in shade net condition slight reduction of yield was observed compared to other months. In case of quality, no significance was observed between open field and shade net condition. In case of effect on month of sowing, October month recorded higher yield and quality for both the condition.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of biochar produced from tender coconut husk on growth and yield of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] in Onattukara sandy plain\\\’ during 2023 at Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala. The experiment was laid out in RBD with nine treatments which were replicated thrice. The treatments were T1 (biochar @ 5 t/ha + 1 100% RDF), T2 (biochar @ 10 t/ha + 100% RDF), T3 (biochar @ 5 t/ha + 5 t/ha FYM + 100% RDF), T 4 (biochar @ 10 t/ha + 5 t/ha FYM + 100% RDF), T5 (biochar @ 5 t/ha + 75% RDF), T6 (biochar @ 10 t/ha + 5 6 75% RDF), T7 (biochar @ 5 t/ha + 5 t/ha FYM + 75% RDF), T8 (biochar @ 10 t/ha + 5 t/ha FYM + 75% RDF) and T9 (20 t/ha FYM + 100% RDF). The results revealed that tender coconut husk biochar has good 9  prospects for use as a soil conditioner for okra in the sandy loam soils of Onattukara. The soil application of biochar produced from tender coconut husk at the rate of 10 t/ha along with FYM @ 5 t/ha and 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer can be recommended for augmenting the growth and yield of okra in the sandy loam soils of Onattukara.

A Male Labrador dog of age two years was presented on emergency to Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Garividi with the history of Viper snake bite. Clinical examination revealed dull and depression, snake bite marks on right and left forelimbs with swelling and exaggerated respiration. The vitals were normal except for the increased heart rate. Blood clotting time revealed clotting time of more than 20 mins. There weren\\\’t any changes in the serum biochemistry and hematology except for the presence of few echinocytes as the dog was presented immediately 15 minutes after the snake bite. Treatment with Polyvalent snake venom antiserum diluted in normal saline, corticosteroid and antibiotic were administered intravenously. The dog recovered eventfully in three days. The hemato-biochemical
values were normal post therapy (on day 7).

The present case of trypanosomiasis is reported in a five-year-old, male, non-descriptive dog that is presented with the clinical signs of inappetance, lethargy and onset of corneal opacity of both the eyes for three days. On clinical examination, high temperature, congested conjunctival mucus membranes but slightly pale buccal mucus membrane, enlargement of prescapular lymphnode were evident. Hematobiochemical findings revealed moderate anemia with mild neutrophilia, hypoglycemia, hypoalbuminemia and elevated creatinine values. Confirmation of case was done by microscopic examination of Trypanosoma sp., organism in wet blood smear and also thin blood smear with Giemsa Stain. The dog was put on therapeutic regimen comprised of Diminazine aceturate @ 3.5 mg/kg deep IM two doses on alternative days along with parenteral fluids, Oxytetracycline injection intravenously at the
dose rate of 10mg per kg body weight, NSAID, multivitamins and hematinics. The dog responded well on third day of therapy with normal appetite and was active and alert. Hemato-biochemical parameters were back to near normal levels on seventh day and blood smear was also negative for Trypanosoma sp. The cornea of both the eyes were clear on seventh day of post therapy.

The study was conducted to compare the effects of different agro-wastes on the growth and yield of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus florida). Thirteen substrate formulas including wheat straw, corncob, newspaper, sugarcane waste alone and in combination of 80:20 (wheat straw and corncob), 80: 20 (wheat straw and newspaper), 80: 20 (wheat straw and sugarcane waste), 100 (wheat straw), 100 (corn cob), 100 (newspaper), 100 (sugarcane waste), 25: 25: 25: 25 (wheat straw, corncob, newspaper and sugarcane waste), 40: 20: 20: 20 (wheat straw, corncob, newspaper and sugarcane waste), 50: 50 (wheat straw and corncob), 50: 50 (wheat straw and newspaper), 50: 50 (wheat straw and sugarcane waste), 50: 50 (corncob
and sugarcane waste) were investigated. The results indicated that different substrate formulas gave a significant difference in total colonization period, characteristics of fruiting bodies, yield per bag, and total yield. All the treatments significantly increased days taken to spawn running, days taken to pinning, number of mushrooms per bag, yield per bag (kg), total yield (kg) and total dry weight (kg). The best treatment was found to be T treatment (100 wheat straw).

This study investigated the adoption and utilization of time-saving cleaning and clothing care devices among both working and non-working women, shedding light on how such technologies impact their daily routines. The data were collected through a survey of 160 women representing diverse socioeconomic backgrounds in Ludhiana city of Punjab. The research examined the adoption rates and preferences for modern cleaning and clothing care appliances including vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, washing machines, and garment steamers while considering the demographic and occupational factors influencing their usage. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys and interviews to collect data. Findings revealed that working women tend to embrace these devices more readily, attributing them to enhanced productivity and work-life balance. In contrast, non-working women exhibited a more diverse range of responses, influenced by factors such as financial constraints and traditional gender roles. The paper highlighted the significance of technological innovations in easing the domestic burden and underscored the importance of considering socio-economic and cultural factors in promoting equitable access to time-saving technologies.

Uterine prolapse is a major obstetrical problem, which affects reproductive and productive performance of cattle by delaying the postpartum return to estrus, conception rate and calving interval. A case of such post-partum total uterine prolapse in an ongole cattle associated with inflamed caruncles was presented and the prolapsed mass was successfully reduced, repositioned, and application of retention which was achieved by rope truss after proper epidural anesthesia with 2% lignocaine. Hypocalcemia which was the major cause of the present uterine prolapse was corrected by giving intravenous calcium therapy (450 ml; I/V) and managed further by oral route. Animal was well handled during treatment and utmost care was taken in such a way that its future production and fertility was not hindered. The cow was successfully recovered from the prolapse without any complications.

Ascaris suum and Balantidium coli are the common parasites that can affect pigs in a farm setting. Both A.suum and B. coli can pose significant challenges to pig farm .Tamworth and Desi Pigs of pig farm were presented with a history of diarrhoea, weight loss, reduced appetite and respiratory issues such as coughing and increased respiratory rate. Faecal examination revealed concurrent infection of Ascaris suum and Balantidium coli.Pigs were therapeutically managed successfully with specific therapy fenbendazole (orally @ 5mg/kg body weight) and metronidazole (@ 20mg /kg body weight) with Furazolidone (@ 10 mg/kg body weight). A total of 140 pigs faecal samples, 71 were from pigs younger than 3 months and 44 were pigs below 6 months25 from pigs older than 6 months including pregnant sows and adult boars. Ascaris spp ova was detected in129 faecal sample and Balantidium coli cysts were found in 131faecal sample.Still birth was found in 03 sows .The present paper reports an impact due to
Ascariosis and Balantidiosis and its therapeutic management in T& D pigs of pig farm Ranchi.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit which can be cultivated successfully in subtropical conditions. The fruit has a high nutritional and medicinal value and rich in Vitamin A (2020IU/100g) making it very popular among the farmers of Assam. A study was conducted during 2019-2020 and 2020-21 on performance of Red Lady at farmers\\\’ field under rainfed conditions representing four agro climatic zones of Assam. The study revealed that the plant height was 281.27 cm tall with maximum fruit weight of 1.65 kg. Additionally, the fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit cavity diameter were found to be 19.22cm, 12.84 cm and 6.51 cm respectively with Yield per plant (40.72 kg), Yield per hectare (119.67 t/ha), B:C ratio (4.27)
was found higher against the local varieties in all the locations. From the study, it can be inferred that the farmers may adopt Papaya var. Red lady over their local varieties for better yield and returns.